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The beginning of the establishment of the US National Laboratory was the main support of the US strategic scientific and technological forces and an important pillar for the US to maintain its long-term leading edge in defense technology. The National Laboratory of the United States is constructed and supervised by relevant federal government departments. According to the funding scope of the US Federal Government R & D Center, there are 42 National Laboratories in the United States. The funding agencies include the Department of Energy, the Department of Defense, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Department of Homeland Security, the National Science Foundation, and the Department of Health and Human Services. Wait for 11. Among them, 10 national laboratories funded by the Ministry of National Defense, 1 national laboratory funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and 3 national nuclear weapons research and development laboratories funded by the Ministry of Energy belong to national laboratories in the field of national defense. The management model of the national defense field laboratory in the United States 1) Focus on national defense needs. In order to strengthen national strategic strength, the United States began to establish a national laboratory system in the 1940s as a core force for scientific research supporting national strategic goals. Around the Second World War, the United States has established more than ten national laboratories in the fields of defense applications, physics, energy, and biotechnology. At the beginning of its establishment, the National Laboratory of the United States mainly focused on the national mission, embodying the national will, responding to the country ’s major and urgent strategic needs, and positioning it as a research base for collaborative innovation based on interdisciplinary, large collaboration and high-strength support to meet national security needs Level original achievements support national defense security. For example, the establishment of the Lincoln Laboratory originated from radar technology research; the Los Alamos National Laboratory originated from nuclear weapons research. 2) Entrust local institutions to take charge. The management model of the US National Laboratory can be divided into three categories, one is the government-owned and government-operated (GOGO) model, the government owns assets, government management, staff and managers are government employees; the other It is a government-owned and contractor-operated (GOCO) model. The government owns (or leases) assets and entrusted contractors (including enterprises, universities, and non-profit institutions) to manage; the third type is contractor-owned and contractor-operated (COCO) model, the government provides funding, and contractors own and manage assets. Among the national laboratories in the field of defense, the three national laboratories for nuclear weapons research and development, including the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory and Sandia National Laboratory under the Ministry of Energy, belong to the state-owned private mode. Lawrence Livermore National Security Company, Los Alamos National Security Company and Sandia Co., Ltd .; NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, operated and managed by the California Institute of Technology, also belongs to the state-owned private model; 10 under the Ministry of National Defense The national laboratories belong to the private-owned model. Among them, the MIT Lincoln Laboratory and the Carnegie Mellon University Operations Management Software Engineering Institute, and the remaining eight are operated and managed by non-profit organizations. For example, the National Laboratory Software Engineering Institute (SEI) is funded by the US Department of Defense and hosted by Carnegie-Mellon University. Its main research areas are software engineering, systems engineering, network security, and other computer fields. In addition, it also guides the application of innovations in the private sector to the government and defense departments. The US Department of Defense, as a funder, mainly formulates annual management procedures through the Laboratory Management Office of the Defense Research and Engineering Agency, signs funding agreements, supervises SEI, divides responsibilities, describes requirements, supports R & D funds, etc. The research items of the core work will be explained to the Office of the Deputy Minister of Defense responsible for procurement, technology and logistics. Carnegie Mellon University, as the operator, supervises SEI through the established SEI Council and the Office of the Chief Expert. The SEI Council mainly provides advice to the Director of SEI. In addition, it monitors SEI activities and reports to the Dean of Carnegie-Mellon University to make suggestions for improvement. The Chief Expert Office has a Chief Technology Officer, whose main members are Individuals who have made outstanding contributions are mainly committed to ensuring that SEI can continue to fulfill defense needs and the mission entrusted by the Ministry of Defense. 3) Demand-led by the laboratory committee. Each national laboratory has set up a committee to determine the main research direction and budget level of the center. The main purpose is to ensure that the research direction of the laboratory meets national defense needs, meets national security needs, and ensures that the laboratory focuses on core key technologies in this field. For example, the Lincoln Department of Defense ’s Joint Advisory Committee of the Department of Defense reviews laboratory goals and projects on an annual and 5-year contract period; in 2019, there are a total of 9 members, mainly composed of senior officials and senior experts from the Department of Defense, military services and other related departments composition. 4) Provide stable and sufficient financial support for national laboratories. Federal funding is the main source of funding for national laboratories. According to statistics, the research and development work undertaken by national laboratories accounts for 18% of basic research in the United States, 16% of applied research, and 13% of technology development (about 1/6 of scientific and technological innovation activities). The total annual funding of these laboratories accounts for about one-third of the federal government ’s research and development funding, indicating that the laboratory input intensity is about double that of other scientific research institutions. In addition to directly receiving federal budget support, national laboratories can also apply for competitive projects to obtain financial support from other sources. Take Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory as an example. In 2017, 82% of the laboratory ’s R & D funding came from the Department of Energy, 14% from the Department of Defense, and the remaining 4% came from other federal government departments. For example, Lincoln Laboratory is funded by the US Department of Defense and hosted by MIT. A total of 8 technical departments are set up, each of which has a number of specific working groups, and 6 service departments provide support for technical work. In addition, a joint advisory committee composed of the Assistant Minister for Research and Engineering of the Ministry of Defence and important officers of the military services was established to review the laboratory ’s project proposals and conduct annual reviews. Lincoln Lab ’s mainstream business direction has always focused on US defense requirements: research on radar technology during the Second World War; research on satellite communication systems in the 1960s, involvement in traffic control in the 1970s, and development of single-photon lidar in the 1990s; 2000 Since studying satellite image processing. Lincoln Laboratory has long received huge military funding. In 2016, annual data from federally funded R & D centers showed that Lincoln Laboratory ’s annual R & D expenditures totaled $ 950 million, of which $ 940 million came from federal funding. Of the federal government funding, the Department of Defense funded $ 850 million, accounting for 89% of annual R & D funding and 90% of federal funding. The main features of the management model of the National Laboratory of the United States 1) the implementation of the director responsibility system. The laboratory implements the system of director responsibility. There are several departments or research centers, and the heads of each department or research center are responsible to the laboratory director. The laboratory adopts a matrix management structure. Vertically, the laboratory is divided into several departments according to the needs of management and disciplines. Sub-departments are established within the department. Horizontally, research teams are formed according to project needs to promote the highly open sharing of resources and The smooth flow of talent makes it possible to complete large-scale research tasks more flexibly and quickly. 2) Establish a quality control system. The laboratory has a strict quality control system. First, the laboratory implements a peer review system. In order to allocate and use resources reasonably, laboratories generally choose the peer review system. One is to select and approve the project from the application project; the other is to follow up on the ongoing project or project results. Secondly, the competent department of the federal government is responsible for evaluating the laboratories under its jurisdiction and approving the establishment of a review committee within the laboratory. Most of the review committees are composed of senior experts in the industry and are relatively independent. They are mainly responsible for evaluating laboratory operation management results, scientific research level, scientific research quality, and conformity of research directions with funding department plans to ensure that laboratory work items are effective and safe Completion. 3) Establish a resource sharing system. The laboratory attaches great importance to the efficiency of the use of scientific research equipment, and has established an open resource sharing system, which is not only open to scientific research institutions within the United States, but also to scientific research institutions in other countries of the world. These systems have objectively improved the academic level of the US National Laboratory and the laboratory ’s international reputation. For example, the 184-inch cyclotron established by the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory has produced 5 Nobel Prizes in Physics and 4 Nobel Prizes in Chemistry, and 3 scientists have won the Nobel Prize in Physics for new discoveries resulting from the work of cyclotrons. . 4) Form an open flow mechanism for talents. One is the internationalization of talent recruitment. The researchers of the US National Laboratory are mostly from famous universities in the United States, Britain, China, Japan, India and other countries. They have profound academic attainments and rich work experience. Second, the personnel structure is scientific and reasonable. The National Laboratories of the United States employs suitable personnel according to different positions, and does not pursue high academic qualifications for all staff. Researchers generally have doctorate degrees, and non-researchers generally have bachelor's degrees and below. In terms of numbers, the proportion of researchers and non-researchers is equal. Third, the flow of talent is highly open. Due to the flexible employment policy of the laboratory, high-end talents from all over the world can be quickly hired according to the needs of the project, which not only supports the efficient completion of the project, but also realizes the concentration of high-end talents in the world. Measures taken by the US National Laboratories to support national defense needs 1) Decompose national defense needs at a hierarchical level. At the Department of Defense level, the Office of the Deputy Secretary of Defense establishes annual staff years of technical effort (STE) and funding quotas for the Department of Defense National Laboratory in accordance with the requirements, priorities, and development strategies of the Department of Defense. Upper limit; discuss the management of operations, priority of matters, efficiency improvement, cooperation opportunities, and other topics by hosting annual meetings attended by units funded by the Ministry of Defense. At the service level, the US Department of Defense arranges the work of the national laboratory according to the overall priority and determines the priority; the laboratory convenes a meeting attended by funding units and users every year to ensure that the next work plan meets the needs of national defense. 2) Provide project support for various laboratories. In addition to the national laboratories mainly funded by the Department of Defense, other national laboratories in the United States also have the opportunity to engage in defense-related projects, especially the three nuclear-weapon-funded national laboratories funded by the Department of Energy. For example, Los Alamos National Laboratory has been responsible for designing 4 of the 7 nuclear weapons systems of the Ministry of Defense, W76 and W88 nuclear warheads carried by the Navy ’s Trident missile nuclear submarine, B61 gravity bombs, and W78 nuclear warheads of the Air Force Militia Type 3 ICBM. 3) Establish an organization to promote the transformation of dual-use technology. At present, the federal government has established a federal laboratory technology transfer consortium to strengthen communication between laboratories in the consortium, and between laboratories and local governments and local technology transfer agencies, to promote the technology transfer work of each laboratory. According to statistics, the National Laboratory of the Ministry of Energy conducted more than 17,000 technology transfer-related technology transactions in 2015, disclosed 1,645 new inventions to the outside world, and applied for 856 US patents. 4) Support small enterprises to participate in national defense innovation through national laboratories. Small businesses in the United States are an important force for military-civilian integration, and they are also the most active and important component of defense innovation. To support the technological innovation activities of small businesses, the US federal government has a number of small business programs. The Ministry of National Defense has formulated the "Small Enterprise Technology Transfer Plan" and "Small Enterprise Innovation Research Plan." As an agency of the federal government, National Laboratories has outstanding advantages in supporting and promoting small business plans. For example, 54.6% of the contracts of Lincoln Labs in 2016 were signed with small businesses; the total amount of contracts signed between the National Laboratory and the small businesses funded by the Ministry of Energy exceeded US $ 2 billion. 5) Give full play to the advantages of universities to lead national defense innovation. In June 2015, the US Department of Defense funded 22 projects in universities, research institutes, and laboratories to complete basic research work involving multiple disciplines. In the past 29 years, the Ministry of National Defense has made significant achievements in implementing the "Multidisciplinary Research Initiatives Program", effectively improving the military's scientific research capabilities. Enlightenment and Suggestions General Secretary Xi Jinping put forward at the 2016 “Three Meetings†of Science and Technology: “We must use the construction of national laboratories as a starting point to strengthen the national strategic scientific and technological strength.†We must adhere to innovation-driven, military-civilian integration, and optimize existing key national experiments The resources of key laboratories and national defense science and technology laboratories will accelerate the construction of national laboratories. First, the top-level design of the national laboratory system must reflect national strategic needs. The construction of China ’s national laboratory is still in its infancy, and it is necessary to strengthen the top-level design, reflect the national will, serve the national strategic goals, focus on solving major scientific and technological issues related to economic construction, social development and the overall situation of national security, and carefully select key areas and candidate units. Through strong alliances, we will create an "aircraft carrier-level" research platform that faces the world's technological frontiers. The second is to rationally determine the layout of national laboratories in accordance with the requirements of military-civilian integration. National laboratories are the basic support for the formation of integrated national strategic systems and capabilities. The national laboratory proposed by China is basically for both military and civilian use. The main supporting forces for basic and applied basic research in China come from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, research universities, military scientific research units, military scientific research institutions, and new research and development institutions. It is recommended that in-depth research on the layout of national laboratories, including regional layout (east / central / western regions), military-ground layout, and structural layout (basic research / applied research / technical innovation), be conducted in accordance with the military-local collaborative innovation model. At the same time, make full use of the existing national science and technology innovation coordination mechanism, led by the national science and technology authority, and play the role of the relevant military commission and the national defense science and technology industry authority, etc., the integration of military and civilian development requirements throughout the entire process of national laboratory planning and construction. The third is to use the experience of developed countries to innovate the management model of national laboratories. Fully implement the laboratory director and chief scientist responsibility system to minimize administrative intervention; provide national special fund support for laboratories to support laboratories to participate in the competition of major national science and technology projects; determine laboratories through laboratory committees or councils Main research direction; provide internationally competitive salaries and incentives for front-line researchers. Fourth, the National Defense Science and Technology Key Laboratory was included in the national key laboratory system planning. Since the mid-1980s, China has successively built a number of key national defense science and technology laboratories in military units, research universities, and military scientific research institutions. It is recommended that the above-mentioned laboratories be used as basic support, be included in the overall planning of the national key laboratories, and form a "pyramid" support structure with the national laboratories. Fifth, pay close attention to advancing the military and local large-scale scientific research facilities and instrument sharing system. The National Laboratories of the United States has established a large-scale scientific research facility and instrument resource sharing system, and achieved world-renowned achievements through resource sharing. The construction of China's national laboratory is in its infancy, and the national defense scientific research department already has a large number of large-scale advanced scientific research facilities and instruments. It is necessary to coordinate and integrate the large-scale scientific research facilities and instruments in the military and civilian science and technology fields. The instrument is incorporated into the national network management platform to realize the interactive sharing of resources between the military and the land, and promote the in-depth development of the military-civilian integration of scientific research assets. Sixth, encourage the free flow of scientific research personnel. The US National Laboratory attaches great importance to and encourages the free flow of scientific researchers from universities, research institutes, and enterprises, which greatly promotes the output, transformation, and technology transfer of innovative achievements. In the process of building a national laboratory in China, it is necessary to grasp the law of scientific and technological innovation talent management and the trend of scientific and technological innovation, explore the establishment of an open and free talent flow model, and encourage scientific researchers to bring projects, funds, and achievements in a team when conditions are met Or personal way, exchange and transfer between universities and laboratories, even enterprises and laboratories. Seven is to improve the evaluation mechanism. The National Laboratory ’s policy of “tolerating losers†provides guarantees for the output of long-term, large-scale scientific research results, and will not cancel research funding because certain research progress is slow. During the construction of China's national laboratory, the current scientific research evaluation incentive system should be improved, and different evaluation incentive methods should be explored according to the type, nature, difficulty, period and other factors of the research, reasonable tolerance for failure, and incentives for scientific researchers to high risk and high difficulty 1. The seemingly impossible goal challenges, encourages and liberates the innovation vitality of scientific researchers. National laboratories are special organizational forms of national scientific research institutions, the main support of national strategic scientific and technological forces, and the leading force of original innovation. National laboratories should be established in response to national strategic needs, evolve with changes in national strategic needs, reflect national will, and undertake national missions. In the process of gradually becoming the world's number one technology powerhouse, the United States has coordinated national security and development needs, and built a world-leading national laboratory system. The main practices of various national laboratories in the United States serving national development and national defense security are worthy of reference in the historical process of implementing the military-civilian integration development strategy and building a number of world-class scientific research institutions.
The Methods and Enlightenment of National Laboratories Serving National Defense Needs