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Most of the facilities and vegetables are cultivated in anti-season. The vegetable farmers are engaged in labor, and the pursuit of high yield and high yield is urgent. Therefore, they are often invested heavily in fertilizers in order to produce high yields. In production practice, due to unreasonable management of fertilizer and water, a series of undesirable phenomena such as soil environment deterioration, serious vegetable pests and diseases, reduced yield, and poor quality have seriously threatened the sustainable development of facility vegetable production. At present, there are many problems in the fertilization of vegetables in protected areas:
First, the amount of fertilizer is too large. Some vegetable farmers blindly believe that more fertilization can produce more. The one-sided view leads to an increase in the amount of fertilizer applied, and the amount of fertilizer applied greatly exceeds the actual absorption of vegetables. This not only causes waste of fertilizer, but also causes problems such as acidification of the soil, secondary salinization, high nitrate content of vegetables, and nitrate contamination of groundwater, resulting in poor growth and development of crops.
Second, the fertilizer application is not balanced. The long-term and large-scale application of fixed single fertilizer varieties has caused serious acidification of soil. The survey showed that the pH of the soil in the 13-year-old greenhouse had dropped to 4.31. There are mainly the following imbalances:
1. The imbalance between a large number of elements, the high use of nitrogen and phosphorus, and the insufficient use of potassium fertilizer. Excessive nitrogen fertilizer, when the decomposition of ammonium ions is too much, affects the absorption of potassium, calcium and magnesium by crops, resulting in imbalance of nutrient absorption and crop growth. At the same time, the excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer can easily lead to the accumulation of nitrate in vegetables, which leads to a decline in the quality of vegetables and a decrease in the ratio of production to investment. The amount of potassium fertilizer is small, the plant has poor resistance to stress, and the pests and diseases are serious.
2. The proportion of inorganic fertilizer and organic fertilizer is not balanced. The amount of organic fertilizer is low, and some vegetable farmers only apply a small amount of organic fertilizer to the vegetable fields near the village or convenient transportation. The far field is not applied, which is not conducive to the cultivation of high-yield vegetable fields, and is not conducive to the cultivation of high-quality vegetables. Product and continuous development.
3. The application of medium and trace elements has not received much attention. Medium and trace element fertilizers are essential for vegetable growth. The survey found that in the cultivation of greenhouse vegetables, some symptoms of lack of medium and trace elements have appeared, and many farmers have not paid enough attention to the application of medium and trace elements.
Third, the fertilizer application method is improper. Improper application of ammonium bicarbonate in production is particularly prominent. Ammonium bicarbonate, commonly known as gas fertilizer, is quickly decomposed into ammonia and carbon dioxide after being applied to the soil. Ammonia is toxic to vegetable leaves. After the concentration in the air reaches a certain level, the leaves of the vegetables close to the ground first cause ammonia poisoning and yellowing and fall off; the higher concentration causes the leaves of the whole shed to fall off and the vegetables are not harvested.
Fourth, the phenomenon of applying raw organic fertilizers often occurs. Such organic fertilizers have not undergone the stage of decomposing. After being applied to the soil, some harmful intermediate products, such as organic acids, can be produced during the decomposing process. These substances can accumulate to a certain extent, causing the seeds to be out of seedling and appear to burn.
Based on the above problems, the experts put forward the following suggestions for farmers:
First, reasonable control of the amount of fertilizer input. Fertilizers can provide the nutrients necessary for the growth and development of vegetables, but the absorption of vegetables is limited, so do not overdo it. Because the facility cultivation room is relatively sealed, the application of chemical fertilizer is not easy to leaching, and the fertilizer efficiency is high. It is best to determine the appropriate amount of fertilizer according to the yield of vegetables, soil fertility, utilization of different fertilizer elements, etc., in order to carry out balanced fertilization.
Second, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer combined application. Make full use of interactions to reduce physical diseases. In particular, it reduces the application of nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer, increases the input of potassium fertilizer, and improves the quality of vegetables. The ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium required for vegetable crops is generally 1:0.5:1.25. Vegetable farmers should adjust the proportion of three large-scale elemental fertilizers for vegetable types. In actual production, high-potency vegetable land or high-altitude nitrogen fertilizer is often applied to a higher amount of potassium fertilizer, so that the crop nutrient balance can be achieved, and at the same time, the excessive nitrogen uptake of the crop can be inhibited to some extent.
Third, organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer combined application. Inorganic fertilizer has the characteristics of quick release of nutrients, but it needs to be applied several times to ensure that the peak of nutrient release of fertilizer is consistent with the peak of nutrient absorption of vegetables. If the application time is not timely and the application is not timely, there will be vegetative overgrowth or short-term nutrition. Insufficient, resulting in reduced production. Organic fertilizers have better fertilizer retention and can slowly release nutrients to ensure long-term nutrient demand for crops. The combination of organic and inorganic fertilizers can coordinate the release rate of nutrients and provide long-term effective nutrition for crops. In addition, organic fertilizer can improve soil structure, increase soil water retention and fertilizer retention capacity, increase air content in soil, provide a good living environment for beneficial microbial flora, and inhibit the survival of pathogenic bacteria.
Fourth, prevent soil acidification and salinization, and apply the theory of formula fertilization for fertilization. Reasonable improvement of acidified and salted soil. It is possible to take measures such as opening the shed in the rainy season, pouring cockroaches, adding modifiers, and changing soil.
5. Targeted application of calcium, magnesium fertilizer and trace elements to maintain nutrient balance.
Sixth, the use of scientific fertilization methods. The organic fertilizer can kill the pathogenic bacteria and eggs in the process of full decomposing. The application of decomposed organic fertilizer can reduce the occurrence of vegetable pests and diseases, and no burning phenomenon occurs. Ammonium bicarbonate should be applied in depth to prevent waste from being volatilized and to prevent ammonia poisoning in vegetables.
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Facility vegetable fertilization method should be improved
It is reported that in recent years, China's facility vegetable cultivation area has increased by about 50% per year, and it has become the country with the largest facility horticultural area in the world. Facility vegetables have become one of the most dynamic new industries in China's agriculture and an important part of China's vegetable basket construction. As we all know, fertilization plays an important role in the improvement of vegetable yield. Facility vegetable cultivation is different from open field cultivation and has special requirements for fertilizer and water management. At present, there are many problems in the fertilization of vegetable in the facility. In order to make the farmers have a clear target in the production process, the author has specially consulted the relevant vegetable experts on this issue.
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