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On February 18th, in the rainy and rainy Dayu County of Jiangxi Province, Xiao Yang drove the car and drove on the mountain road of the curved ileum. The destination was the earliest developed mine here, the Xihuashan tungsten mine.
Dayu County is located in the eastern section of the Nanling metallogenic belt, an important metal metallogenic belt in China. It is rich in black tungsten. It has written a grand chapter in the history of China's mining industry and is known as the “World Tungsten Capitalâ€.
Today, the amount of tungsten that can be mined in the “World Tungsten Capital†is decreasing year by year. The "Dayu County Resource Depletion City Transformation and Development Plan (2013-2020)" (hereinafter referred to as "Planning") clearly states that the existing tungsten mine can be exploited with only 61,600 tons, and the mining period is less than 10 years. In November 2011, Dayu County was identified by the State Council as the third batch of resource-exhausted cities.
On the way to the Xihuashan tungsten mine, "no resources" is a sentence that Xiao Yang repeatedly swears.
Long-term mining has brought various kinds of pain to the ecological environment of Dayou. Some mountains were hollowed out, vegetation was destroyed, farmland was deserted, and rivers were polluted... In April 2013, Dayu County was included in the national “Twelfth Five-Year Plan†heavy metal pollution prevention demonstration zone.
However, the action of self-help has not stopped. In recent years, while the other side of the iron hand to deal with environmental and ecological issues, while vigorously developing the alternative industries. The goal of Dayu County is to achieve sustainable development at a lower cost, and ultimately to transform from resource exploitation to technological innovation, from extensive growth to development and intensive transformation, from a single industrial and mining city to an ecologically livable one. Modern landscape garden city transformation.
Existing tungsten mines can be mined for only 10 years
The car came to the middle of the mountain in the West China Mountain. Because of the long-term mining, the mist of the mist did not cover the mottled mountain.
"If the big rest is 'World Tungsten Capital', Xihua Mountain is its most typical representative." Xiao Yang said.
Xihua Mountain is the earliest discovered, earliest and longest-established tungsten mine in China. It has been hailed as the originator of China's tungsten industry. After more than one hundred years of mining history, Xihua Mountain has made outstanding contributions to the export of new China and the development of special steel industry.
Backed by rich mineral resources, Dayu was once a city of “rich and handsomeâ€. According to local people, before 2003, the economic development level of Dayu County was still in the top of the whole city. Xiao Yang said that his father was an old miner in Xihua Mountain. When he was a worker in Xihua Mountain, the people around him would cast an envious look.
However, with the gradual depletion of mineral resources, the region has been lagging behind in the past two years.
According to the "Planning", there are still 22 provincial-level poverty-stricken villages and 46,900 poor people in Dayu County in 2013. There are 21 natural villages and 801 households without TV. There are 9 natural villages and 2,408 households are not electrified.
The current situation of mineral resources is also not optimistic. The “Planning†describes the current dilemma: due to long-term high-intensity mining, the existing tungsten mine can be exploited with only 61,600 tons, and the mining period is less than 10 years.
“With the comprehensive management of mineral resources by the state, the four major tungsten mines in the central county and the state-owned tungsten mines in the county have successively implemented policy closure and bankruptcy. The number of tungsten mining excavation sheds has dropped from 350 to 100. The proportion of tax revenue to fiscal revenue has been declining year by year, from 51.3% in 2007 to 36.3% in 2012.†“Planning†said that “the growth mode characterized by eating resources and rice is unsustainable.â€
The resources were slowly hollowed out, leaving behind a lot of ecological problems.
Wu Fangshou, deputy secretary of the Party branch of Dayu County Environmental Protection Bureau, spoke about the current situation in an interview: First, the mining of the mine caused some damage to the mountains and soil erosion. The second is the problem of heavy metal pollution. This problem has also been a long-standing problem. On the one hand, heavy metal emissions will occur during the mining process. This is because heavy metals are associated with mineral resources; on the other hand, heavy metal pollutants are produced during processing and refining. Heavy metals are strictly non-degradable, and they have been mined for more than 100 years, and certainly deposit more in the environment. Therefore, Dayu was listed as a key area for the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution in the country.
The “Planning†uses a set of data to illustrate the actual situation faced by the ecological environment in Dayu County: long-term mining has left serious problems of environmental pollution in Dayu County. There are a total of 55.959 million tons of waste rock and tailings containing heavy metals in the county. The silt blocks the river 258 kilometers, occupies 34,500 mu of damaged land, and the pollution affects 225,000 mu of farmland. The total area of ​​land destroyed by abandoned mines in the county is about 15.1 square kilometers, and the area of ​​soil erosion is 221.51 square kilometers.
However, Wu Fangshou also stressed that there may be a misunderstanding in the outside world. "The pollution in the key areas of heavy metal pollution prevention and control is very serious. In fact, the area of ​​heavy metal pollution at that time was based on the current situation of enterprises, the distribution and quantity of the surplus enterprises. It is roughly speculated that there may be more (heavy metal pollution) here, so as a key area, these enterprises must be managed."
Zhang Youxiang, an associate professor at Northeast Normal University who studies the development of resource-based cities, said that resource-based cities generally encounter two problems, one is the outflow of wealth and the other is the destruction of the environment.
"There is still a lot of water in the river"
The heavy ecological environment has made the people of Dazuo realize that it is imperative to solve environmental problems.
In Xiao Yang’s impression, from the second half of 2011, the environmental protection requirements for the entire industry have become stricter.
He said that at the time, the mine he was in was once fined 50,000 yuan for a small part of the non-compliance, and was suspended for half a year. "Once you are unqualified, you will wait to cry."
“Adhere to ecological restoration priority, development and protection are equally important.†In “Planningâ€, ecological issues are mentioned as important places of development, innovation, and people's livelihood.
Wu Fangshou said that Dayu belongs to a mine-type city. The mining time of tungsten is more than 100 years. This kind of industrial-oriented city will inevitably bring some environmental problems. In the past, everyone’s environmental awareness was not strong. After 2000, Only slowly became aware of environmental issues, and pollution problems began to emerge.
The latest large-scale pollution control has continued since the end of 2012. Wu Fangshou said that the Dayu County Finance has spent more than 15 million yuan to carry out the rectification work of the sewage disposal enterprises. A total of 62 key enterprises have been established, and each enterprise has determined the leadership of a government department to carry out rectification. At the same time, the county investigated illegal small mines without licenses, and a total of 41 points were banned. All production facilities were demolished and cleaned up.
This kind of governance is not easy. Sometimes in order to clean up an illegal mine site, it is necessary to drive an excavator, and more than 100 people in the public security, industry and commerce, security supervision, mining management, power supply and other departments.
"At that time, some people smashed the EPA's arm." Wu Fangshou recalled that in the clean-up work, he sometimes encountered resistance because it touched their interests.
At the same time, Dayu also started the relocation work of the riverside enterprises, and implemented five enterprises within 1 km of the Zhangjiang River and the tributaries to retreat into the park and relocate within a time limit. Weiliang Tungsten was built on the Zhangjiang River in the 1980s and has now moved into the industrial park.
A staff member of the Dayu County Government told the reporter that the county party secretary and county magistrate have repeatedly convened environmental protection, mining management, safety supervision and other departments to investigate the implementation of environmental protection, and listed the remediation of sewage enterprises as one of the priorities of the government in 2013. "The words of the secretary at a meeting made me very impressed. The secretary said that I would like to repay a lot of water and water for the benefit of future generations."
However, after the "iron fist pollution" storm, there is still a "re-emergence" situation. For example, the law enforcement department broke the electricity of illegal mining sites, but they bought generators to generate electricity, and some hid in the deep mountain jungle, which was quite hidden and not easy to be discovered.
In 2007, Dayu County launched a comprehensive improvement project for the Fujiang River Basin (tributary of the Zhangjiang River). The governance funds are more than 24 million yuan, and the governance funds are composed of enterprises, Dayu County Finance and villages and towns self-financing, of which enterprises make up the capital. The governance project includes four aspects: one is pollution control; the second is water improvement project; the third is river dredging and remediation; the fourth is the reclamation of desertification farmland.
In 2008, several towns and towns in Dayu County were listed as “Wuhe Yihu†and Dongjiang Yuantou Protected Area in Jiangxi Province. In 2009, they received more than 9 million yuan of ecological compensation, which increased year by year, reaching more than 17 million in 2013. yuan.
After the key areas for prevention and control of heavy metal pollution were identified, from 2010 onwards, Dayu received a total of 103.5 million yuan of central special funds, and the supporting funds of enterprises were about 170 million yuan.
These funds are not directly used for the treatment of rivers or polluted land, but for the improvement of corporate environmental protection processes. The government will first require enterprises to meet the discharge standards. On this basis, the company will allocate special funds to further improve the company's environmental protection equipment and pollution control measures to reduce pollutant emissions.
On February 18, the reporter followed Xiao Yang and walked for more than ten kilometers from the upstream to the downstream along the Zhangjiang River. During the dry season, the stones at the bottom of the river could be clearly seen. No obvious Signs of pollution.
From mining to deep processing
Although the resources are gradually exhausted, until 2012, among the 35 large-scale enterprises in Dayu County, there were still 20 resource-based enterprises with tungsten as the main enterprises, accounting for 57.1% of the total number of enterprises.
According to the "Plan", in 2012, the above-scale tungsten mining and processing industry realized a main income of 4.408 billion yuan and a profit and tax of 233 million yuan, accounting for 81.9% and 79.8% of the total industrial enterprises above designated size.
For such an industrial structure, the "Planning" analysis said that there are many extensive industries within the industrial structure, many industries with energy pollution, more primary products, more single enterprises, and the task of eliminating backward production capacity is very urgent. In recent years, the proportion of non-mineral industries in the industry has increased, but the problems of small scale, low grade and low technology content have not broken through.
Dayou is eager to change the existing industrial structure and inject new blood.
Rao Rirong, chairman of Donghong Company, was once a mining company owner. In 1999, the county was converted into a tungsten mine in Dayu County. Rao Rirong obtained the mining rights of a mining area through bidding and established Rirong Tungsten Co., Ltd. After the establishment of the company, it is catching up with the global tungsten price increase, the company is smooth and smooth, and the benefits are gradually increasing.
However, after the long-term mining, the original mining area entered a period of decline, the grade dropped, the mining was difficult, and the cost continued to increase. How to achieve the survival and sustainable development of the enterprise has become a problem that lingers in the heart of Rao Rirong.
After collecting a large amount of information, going out to study, and exchanging opinions with government departments, he believes that traditional resource-based enterprises must take the initiative to transform and transform in advance.
Rao Rirong noticed that these tungsten ore are not only tungsten, but also tin, which is associated with tungsten and tin, but everyone pays attention to tungsten, and not much tin is concerned. He decided to start with tin and extend to the downstream industry chain. In 2003, Rao Rirong founded Donghong Company to carry out deep processing of tin products.
In 2008, Donghong further transformed its cultural industry, launched a pure tin high-end handicraft production project, and produced tea sets, wine sets, vases and other crafts. In 2011, the company expanded its product line to travel crafts, and the raw materials of the products were no longer limited to tin.
Now, the company is a key project of the cultural industry in Zhangzhou City.
According to the "Planning", the overall idea of ​​the industrial restructuring of Dayu County is to vigorously develop the deep processing industry of tungsten and non-ferrous metals, focus on cultivating alternative industrial bases, and take into account the development of agriculture and service industries.
The reporter noted that the tungsten and non-ferrous metal deep processing industry was the first to be mentioned in the industrial restructuring of the Plan.
The "Specifications" specifically mentioned that the tungsten and non-ferrous metal industry is the economic pillar of Dayu County. It is necessary to increase the technological content, lengthen and thicken the industrial chain, promote the transfer of traditional industries to the high-end of the value chain, and improve the overall economic benefits.
Dayu has high hopes for the deep processing industry of tungsten and non-ferrous metals. It is planned to realize the listing of 1~2 enterprises by 2020, build Dayu County into a tungsten and non-ferrous metal deep processing industrial base and a tungsten raw ore trading distribution center, and strive to hold the World Tungsten Industry Forum. And create a permanent meeting place. On February 17, the reporter came to the Dayu Xinhua Industrial Estate, the main carrier of the above-mentioned deep processing industrial base. The industrial zone is located on the edge of the county town, and the building under construction can be seen everywhere. According to the staff of Dayu County Government, there are about 50 enterprises in the company. In 2012, the main income was 3.85 billion yuan and the tax revenue was 136 million yuan.
In the agricultural sector, the focus of the company is on expanding the proportion of specialty crops, promoting ecological farming, and shaping the brand of specialty agricultural products. The characteristic planting industry mainly produces economic crops such as vegetables, navel oranges and flower seedlings. Dayu County is the only “Hometown of Chinese Ruixiang†in the country. The county plans to take the protection of national geographical indication products in Phnom Penh as an opportunity to focus on building a large flower and seedling market, and to increase the visibility and added value of products such as Jinbian Ruixiang and Yew.
The focus of the service industry is on tourism. According to the “Planningâ€, relying on the rich tourism resources of Dayu County, the focus is on supporting the Lushan-Peony Pavilion-Meiguan Scenic Area to be upgraded to a national-level scenic spot, and the “Peony Pavilion†story prototype†National intangible cultural heritage.
Double Difficulties: Pollution Control and Continuing Industry
By first managing the environment and developing alternative industries in the first place, Dayu is moving towards “a modern landscape garden city with a single structure of industrial and mining cities to ecologically livableâ€. However, the reporter also found in the interview that the two weaknesses of capital and technology have become major challenges for the transformation of the future.
The dual constraints of capital and technology are first manifested in the management of ecological environment. Wu Fangshou said that the "12th Five-Year Plan" heavy metal treatment budget is 600 million yuan, and currently only allocated more than 1 billion.
He said that a basic closed project of a library would require 30 million yuan. These projects are mainly to resurrect and regreen on the tail sand dam. However, as an abandoned mine, there are more than so many projects, such as the backfilling of the mined ore body and the greening of the mountain, which is more difficult.
"Some of the mountains are bare stones. You have to cover 30 centimeters of soil. Where do the soil come from? How can it be fixed? Will it all rain down?" Wu Fangshou said.
However, it is not easy to estimate how much money it will cost to restore the ecological environment that has been destroyed in the past years. For the environmental pollution data mentioned in the Plan, Chen Nengchang, a researcher at the Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environment and Soil Research, told reporters that the amount of money needed to manage these environmental problems is difficult to generalize.
Technology is also a problem. According to the reporter's understanding, only the soil heavy metal pollution control, there are many ways such as physical transfer method, plant adsorption method, chemical neutralization method, etc. From the current point of view, these technologies are not very mature, not costly or after treatment There will be other problems.
In fact, it is only a simple tail sand dam to re-green, there will be challenges. Mu Shirun, the chairman of Dayu County Runsheng Horticulture Co., Ltd., is having a headache for this problem.
Last year, the company planted the tail sand dam of a mine in Dayu County to plant green grass, and saw that the grass had grown tender teeth, but after a few rainstorms, the grass was washed away.
“A mess!†The company’s person in charge of the specific project said that there is only about 10% of the grass area, and all others have been washed away by water.
There are also technical bottlenecks in the industry. According to the "Planning", the deep processing industry of tungsten and non-ferrous metals is the highlight of Dayu County, but deep processing is easier said than done.
Cai Zengwei, executive vice president of Dayulong Xintai Tungsten Industry Co., Ltd., told reporters that the profits of the tungsten industry are mainly at the two ends, and the profit in the middle processing sector is not rich. More importantly, the deep processing has higher technical requirements, and the general enterprises are not. Qualified.
For example, she said that if the company produced hard alloys, the company also made several feasible plans in the first two years, but it gave up because of the high technical difficulty and not making money.
Qi Jingzhong, deputy dean of the School of Resources and Environmental Engineering of Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, said in an interview that from the current situation in China, the subsequent processing of tungsten materials is indeed facing a technical bottleneck. Especially for hard alloys, the core technologies are currently in the hands of developed countries such as Europe and the United States. There are not many research institutes or enterprises in China that have mastered this core technology.
Another problem faced by processing companies is the issue of raw materials. Nowadays, there are fewer and fewer tungsten resources in Dayu. Once they are finally exhausted, these enterprises will face the risk of no rice.
However, Yan Jingzhong said that some scientific research institutions are conducting deep exploration in Yudu County, Zhangzhou City, and there may be tungsten ore at the bottom. In addition, Jiangxi Jiujiang explored the world's largest tungsten mine in 2012, which can supply raw materials for the surplus tungsten processing industry. However, "the most important thing is to break through the technical problems of deep processing."
Zhang Youxiang, an associate professor at Northeast Normal University, said that there are two ways to go after a resource-exhausted city. One is to withdraw from the city, and it will be downgraded from a prefecture-level city to a county-level city, and then degraded from a county-level city to a general town until it disappears.
The other is to find new growth points. In his view, the continuation of the industry can only last for a while, and then how to pull up the industrial chain, resources will eventually exhaust, and the replacement industry is fundamental.
For the development of tourism in Dayu County, Zhang Youxiang believes that tourism is currently being developed all over the country. If the surplus can form a part with the scenic spots of the province or other regions, it may be competitive, if only a few of its own county Attractions are hard to form influence.
Zhang Youxiang believes that these resource-based cities have made great contributions to the country. Now it is necessary for the state to increase support for these cities and help them transform.
The world's tungsten is trapped: the existing tungsten mine is re-mining for at least 10 years.
Abstract "There is no resource, no resources." Xiao Yang smiled with both hands holding the steering wheel. A few years ago, he followed a boss and contracted a tungsten mine in Dayu County, but since then it has become more and more difficult to exploit. In addition to the industry downturn in the past two years, the boss has to sell a portion of the tungsten mine. ..
"There is no resource, no resources." Xiao Yang held the steering wheel with both hands and smiled. A few years ago, he followed a boss and contracted a tungsten mine in Dayu County, but since then it has become more and more difficult to exploit. In addition to the industry downturn in the past two years, the boss has to sell a portion of the tungsten mine. Xiao Yang also went down the mountain to start a car rental business.