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The interaction between aviation products and machine tool equipment development can be analyzed from two aspects: on the one hand, the continuous pursuit of aviation product design performance has promoted the development of related technologies and equipment. Such as investment casting, powder metallurgy, numerical control, online testing. The wide application of these technologies and equipment has promoted the general improvement of other industries (such as mechanical equipment, transportation, medical care, consumption, etc.); on the other hand, the improvement of related technical equipment, material technology and supporting software and hardware technologies, and The universal application of new equipment and new technologies (such as no-processing, additive manufacturing, FMS, PDM, MBD technology), in turn, affects and changes the design pattern of aviation products, not only enables the design that was previously impossible to achieve, but also constantly Promote product design performance and manufacturing levels.
Wool refining and no-manufacture manufacturing machine tools
Aviation products wool has a crucial impact on the quality of finished products. Due to the complex structure and high precision requirements of aviation parts, traditional wool manufacturing techniques often fail to meet the surface size and accuracy requirements. Many surfaces need to be machined after casting and forging, such as engine disks, compressor blades, and the like. Due to the large number of difficult-to-machine materials that are expensive to manufacture, the large amount of wool margin not only causes waste of materials, but also makes the machining efficiency of aviation products very low. At the same time, the machining itself will destroy the integrity of the original internal metal flow line of the wool, and release the internal stress, causing the parts to deform and adversely affect the final quality of the product. Therefore, aerospace products have a wide range of requirements for the refinement, refinement and spare manufacturing technology and equipment of wool manufacturing.
In recent years, the refining and refining technology of wool has been improved. The precision casting process equipment does not involve the machine concept and will not be discussed here. The high-precision forging technology adopts high-precision forging machine equipment, perfect detection and auxiliary processing technology, which can make the engine forged blade profile and edge plate surface reach a surplus state. The application of this technology can improve the dimensional accuracy of forgings, ensure the integrity of metal flow lines inside the blade, improve product reliability, reduce blade processing costs, and improve blade production efficiency. The precision cold rolling machine tool not only simplifies the processing technology, but also increases the mechanical properties, product quality and performance of the blade, which is beneficial to the potential performance of the blade material.
In recent years, powder metallurgy materials and processes have begun to be widely used in the manufacture of aerospace products such as engine disks and aircraft structural parts. The key to powder metallurgy technology is the preparation of powders and the forming and densification techniques of the parts. Alloy powders are generally formed and densified by processes such as hot isostatic pressing, hot extrusion, spray forming, rapid prototyping, and injection molding. Among them, laser rapid prototyping process, also known as 3D printing, is also called metal material additive manufacturing technology, which is distinguished from the manufacturing of materials represented by plastic processing technology and the reduction of materials represented by mechanical processing. The technology uses metal powder, granules or wire as raw materials, pre-layered by CAD model, and uses high-power laser beam to melt and accumulate growth, and completes the “near-final forming†of high-performance components directly from the CAD model. Although the 3D printing device is not explicitly called a machine tool, it has all the features of the concept of a machine tool. At the same time, integrating its functions into existing CNC machine tools is also a direction in the machine tool industry in recent years.
Additive manufacturing technology has unique application prospects in the development and development of modern aviation products with its flexible and diverse process methods and technical advantages. In the field of aerospace manufacturing, difficult-to-machine materials, structural parts of complex profiles, etc. can be highly automated by additive manufacturing techniques. Since there is no conventional machine-added process for tool accessibility limitations and mold release limitations in casting and plastic processing, 3D printing can almost achieve any structural form that can be designed in CAD, resulting in a completely new design, as shown in Figure 1. . At the same time, since 3D printing requires almost no process preparation steps such as fixtures and mold manufacturing required by conventional processes, the development cycle of aviation products can be greatly shortened, and the rapid response capability can be improved. 
CNC equipment and flexible manufacturing
Despite the continuous application of new aerospace materials and forming technology, the proportion of machining in the aerospace manufacturing process has decreased, but for high-precision dimensions and surface features, machining is still an irreplaceable processing tool. At the same time, with the continuous application of new materials and new structures in aerospace components, the difficulty of machining is also increasing.
Like other cutting-edge manufacturing industries, CNC machine tools used in aerospace products are moving toward high-speed, precision, intelligent, and green. Since the early 1990s, many countries have introduced a number of CNC machine tools with a spindle speed of 10,000 - 60,000 r / min. The application of high-speed machining technology shortens the cutting time and auxiliary time, which not only improves production efficiency, but also improves processing quality, and has become an important development direction of machine tool technology. At the same time, by optimizing the structure of the machine tool, the precision of manufacturing and assembly is improved, and the reaction time of the numerical control and servo system is reduced. Using techniques such as temperature and vibration error compensation, the geometric accuracy and motion accuracy of CNC machine tools are improved.
With the strengthening of people's awareness of environmental protection, the requirements for environmental protection are getting higher and higher. It is not only required to not cause environmental pollution during the manufacturing process of the machine tool, but also requires no secondary pollution during the use of the machine tool. In this situation, the equipment manufacturing field has proposed environmental protection requirements for machine tools without coolant, no lubricating liquid, and no odor. The equipment for chip removal and dust removal of the machine tool has also undergone profound changes. The above green processing technology is increasingly valued by the mechanical manufacturing industry.
(1) Integration and intelligence of numerical control equipment.
The integration of numerical control equipment includes the integration of various machining processes into one CNC machine tool or the integration of other machining or inspection processes in CNC machine tools. Composite machining is one of the important development directions of machining. Among them, turning and milling combined machining is the most representative technical field. The turning and milling center has multi-axis linkage function, which can complete turning, milling, drilling, boring, hobbing, tapping, reaming and expanding tasks at any angle. It has the characteristics of high flexibility and multi-task. It is an ideal equipment for machining precision and complex rotary parts in both single-piece and batch production with high associated machining dimensional accuracy and greatly reduced machining assistance time. It plays an important role in improving the manufacturing precision of key parts of aviation revolution and shortening the manufacturing cycle. Online measurement By integrating the detection technology into the process of numerical control machining, it can avoid the secondary clamping position brought by the offline inspection and rework, and solve the measurement of the unmeasured parts of the general tooling and the special tooling in the part manufacturing, and significantly improve the processing efficiency. To ensure the quality of processing. In the development and production of aerospace products, timely correction and compensation can be made to the parts being processed to eliminate the occurrence of waste products.
The intelligent content is included in all aspects of the CNC system: for the pursuit of intelligent processing efficiency and processing quality, such as adaptive control of the process, automatic generation of process parameters; to improve the drive performance and use the connection to facilitate intelligence, Such as feedforward control, adaptive calculation of motor parameters, automatic identification of load, automatic selection of models, PID parameter self-tuning, etc.; simplify programming, simplify the operation of intelligent, such as intelligent automatic programming, intelligent human-machine interface Etc.; also intelligent intelligence, intelligent monitoring content, convenient system diagnosis and maintenance.
The adaptive control technology ensures the normal processing and operation of the machine tool by keeping the machine tool in the best dynamic performance by controlling the machine running state information according to the collected motor torque and spindle vibration during the machining process. Machined parts. This not only improves the production efficiency of the equipment, but also ensures the processing accuracy. Intelligent fault diagnosis technology includes machine tool signal data acquisition and monitoring, data transmission and intelligent human-machine interface design and development. According to the analysis of the fault mechanism of CNC machine tools, select the signals that can reflect the characteristics of the machine tool. By installing different types of sensors on the key components of the machine tool, the machine characteristic signals are collected, and the visual interface is monitored after processing. The intelligent real-time compensation technology collects the thermal expansion elongation error of the spindle in the axial and radial directions through an external sensor. By analyzing and processing these error data, real-time compensation is performed to improve the machining accuracy of the machine [3].
(2) Flexibility of production lines and manufacturing equipment.
The so-called flexible manufacturing, in the traditional sense, replaces the rigid automatic machine tool equipment with programmable and multi-functional CNC machine tools, and replaces the rigid joint process with software control that is easy to program, easy to modify, easy to expand, and easy to replace, so that the rigid production line Achieve soft and flexible, can quickly respond to market demand, and complete multi-variety, small and medium-sized production tasks. Flexibility in flexible manufacturing systems (FMS) has various implications, including processing flexibility, extended flexibility, process flexibility, batch flexibility, equipment flexibility, product flexibility, process flexibility, and manufacturing flexibility. 
Aviation products, especially some key parts of aircraft and engines, often use more dispersed processes and longer production lines due to their structural specificity. In the early stage of flexible manufacturing technology research, flexible manufacturing systems must be realized at a large production line level and a large investment level due to the limitations of the functions and performance of CNC machine tools and the supporting software and hardware conditions. For aerospace products, limited practical applications have only been obtained for aerospace manufacturing companies with mature products and strong capabilities. With the development of numerical control equipment and related information technology, the flexible manufacturing unit (FMC) featuring small footprint, low cost and perfect function has been greatly developed and applied. Through the process concentration, most of the processing steps that can be completed in a long production line are completed in a small flexible manufacturing unit. The flexible processing machine concentrates the flexible manufacturing unit into one piece of equipment, and can process most parts of the parts from wool to finished products in one piece of equipment. The flexible combined machine tool is shown in Figure 3. It is of great value for the rapid development of some small aerospace components. 
In addition to the flexibility of machine tools, the flexibility of auxiliary process equipment (such as fixtures) is also an important part. The flexible fixture is a machine tool fixture based on a combination fixture that can be applied to different machine tools, different products or different specifications of the same product. It is assembled from pre-manufactured serialized, standardized components, components and fittings of various shapes, sizes and functions. The fixture components are re-cycled by assembly-use-decomposition-reassembly, which can greatly reduce the manufacturing fixture material, power consumption, reduce the manufacturing cost, and reduce the design, manufacture and adjustment time of the fixture. Compared with special fixtures, flexible fixture components have obvious technical and economic effects, and are suitable for multi-variety, small-volume production and processing systems such as FMC, FMS and CIMS.
Information and virtual machine tools
With the development of information technology, the development of aviation products is also changing from physical manufacturing verification to virtual manufacturing verification. Virtual manufacturing is a broad concept, but virtual manufacturing can also be understood from the habitual and narrow perspective: using virtual reality technology to complete the molding, processing and assembly process of products on a computer. The development of virtual manufacturing technology fills the gap between CAD/CAM technology and production management activities, enabling people to virtually form, process, assemble and test products on a computer before the production of real products, reducing trials and trials. The number of installations, timely discovery of process, operation planning, production scheduling and processing quality issues. The key to the realization of virtual machining is to establish the kinematics, dynamics model and error analysis model of the machining system consisting of machine tools, tools and tooling for different machining methods in the virtual working environment provided. Virtual assembly uses VR technology to build multi-mode (including visual, auditory, touch, etc.) interactive assembly simulation environment. The assembly planner interactively establishes the assembly sequence and assembly path of the product components and determines the work, fixture and installation method. Comparing different assembly processes, human-machines perform comprehensive and accurate inspection and analysis of product assembly problems without physical trials, and identify and solve potential assembly problems as early as possible.
Virtual machine tools are built using the Software Element Toolkit, which includes 3D models of machine tools, machining simulation software, software kernels, and human interface software for controllers. Virtual machine tools reduce the non-productive time of the machine. The cost of a virtual machine is only a fraction of the actual machine tool, but it is very realistic and can be used to reduce the non-production time of the actual machine. Using virtual machine tool technology, it can improve machining efficiency, ensure the quality of NC programming, reduce the workload and labor intensity of CNC technicians and operators, improve the success rate of CNC programming and manufacturing, shorten product design and processing cycle, and improve production efficiency.
Traditional aerospace product manufacturing is based on 2D engineering drawings. With the development of related software and hardware technologies such as CNC and CAD/CAM, a large number of new product developments have introduced digital manufacturing technologies combining two-dimensional and three-dimensional. However, the application effect of the three-dimensional digital model containing only geometric information from the aspects of product design, process tooling, numerical control programming and detection is not ideal, and the repeated workload is large and the data is not unique. The Model-Based Definition (MBD) technology fully expresses product information through an integrated 3D solid model, specifying the dimensions, tolerances, and process information of the product in the 3D solid model. The full implementation of MBD is of great significance for improving the level of aviation product manufacturing, shortening the manufacturing cycle, reducing manufacturing costs, and improving product quality. Product Data Management (PDM) is an information technology that optimizes the management of enterprise lifecycle product data, resources and business processes. It is the technology platform for digital manufacturing of products. It is based on product data and is an integrated environment and foundation for various other software tools and analysis and management tasks. It provides a structured way to efficiently, regularly access, integrate, manage, and control the flow of product data and data. The version management capabilities provided by the PDM system ensure that all employees participating in the same project work with a single data and are up-to-date and up-to-date, ensuring consistent process data and reducing duplication and changes in the design.
In summary, the development of aerospace products and machine tools is an interdependent and mutually reinforcing relationship. Since the first aircraft took off more than 100 years ago, humans have never stopped exploring the mysteries of flight. The continuous pursuit of the performance of aviation products puts higher requirements on the precision, high efficiency, environmental protection and intelligence of machine tools. At the same time, the continuous application of various new technologies and new processes is also promoting the improvement of the technical level of aviation products and machine tools, thus promoting the continuous improvement of the overall level of science and technology in society.
The interaction between aviation products and machine tools is inseparable
Abstract The performance, quality and production efficiency of aviation products are inseparable from the development of their manufacturing equipment, especially machine tools. Generally speaking, the design of the product is guided by the user and the market demand, but whether the design goal can be finally realized is restricted by the level of equipment and manufacturing process. ...
The performance, quality and productivity of aerospace products are inextricably linked to the development of their manufacturing equipment, especially machine tools. Generally speaking, the design of the product is guided by the user and the market demand, but whether the design goal can be finally realized is restricted by the level of equipment and manufacturing process. The same is true for aviation products. Aerospace components generally have very complex geometries, high precision and testing requirements, and a large number of high-performance materials such as titanium alloys, high-temperature alloys, stainless steels, high-strength aluminum alloys, and composite materials are used to ensure the performance of aerospace products. And special requirements for environment, strength and weight. These components have high requirements for their manufacturing processes and equipment from manufacturing to inspection. At the same time, with the rapid development of science and technology, in the face of the ever-changing international situation and the ever-changing market, the aviation product development cycle of 10-15 years has not been able to meet the needs of today's customers. This requires aerospace manufacturers to have a rapid response to market changes, to minimize product development cycles, and to have sufficient pre-validation capabilities for pre-research products. These also put forward higher requirements for aviation product manufacturing equipment and matching hardware and software conditions. Figure 1. Newly designed aerospace parts made using 3D printing
Figure 2 shows the flexible production line of a large aircraft.
Figure 3 flexible combination machine