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How do you grow walnuts?
The nutritional value of walnut is very high, the market is very welcome, and now is the best season for walnut seedlings. So, how do walnuts grow?
First, the artificial cultivation of seedling rootstock
There are two kinds of rootstocks for grafting walnuts, namely artificial iron walnut seedlings and wild iron walnut seedlings. The number of wild iron walnut seedlings is small, the distribution is limited, and the degree of robustness is far less than that of artificial cultivation. The industrialization of foamed walnuts mainly relies on artificial cultivation of seedlings. The industrialization of foamed walnuts mainly relies on artificial cultivation of iron walnut seedlings.
(1) Seed selection and germination treatment
1. Seed selection
To cultivate seeds for grafting rootstocks, it is best to use iron walnut seeds for seeding. Because the iron walnut is not easy to be mildewed, the germination rate is high, the adaptability is strong, the growth is strong, the price is affordable, and the seedling cost is low.
Using dried iron walnut seed to raise seedlings, it is necessary to carry out water selection of seeds, pour the seeds into a tank full of water, and after soaking for 24 hours, still floating on the water surface, it is not full of seeds, and it is not necessary to remove large seeds. Full seeds are germinated and sown.
2, seed germination treatment
(1) Plastic warm shed wet sand germination method: autumn and cold dew gas growth seedlings can be directly planted in warm sheds or wet sand germination and seedlings.
Dry iron walnut seeds, first soaked in cold water for 7 days, then buried in wet sand for about a month. The specific method is to choose a good drainage near the nursery land, digging a pit in the sunny place, 50 cm deep, the size of the pit can be determined according to the number of seeds. After the pit is dug, a 5 cm thick wet layer is placed on the bottom of the pit. Sand, put a layer of seed (the seed suture should be parallel to the ground), then put a layer of 5 cm thick wet sand, a layer of sand and a layer of seed, 3 to 5 layers are appropriate, then put a convex on the top of the pit Shaped plastic shed. Keeping the sand moist, dry or accumulated water can cause mildew in the seeds. When the seed is cracked or germinated to about 60%, the seeding can be taken out. When planting, do not break the germ or root of the germinating seed. Ungerminated seeds continue to be burial with wet sand.
(2) cold soak sun Act
Before sowing, the dried seeds are selected by water, soaked in flowing cold water for 7 days, taken out and exposed to sunlight for 3 to 5 hours. The soaked seeds are swollen by water absorption. Once exposed, most seeds are cracked and the seeds of the gap are broken. Pick and plant. Unsplit seeds can be sun-dried through the night until most seeds are seeded into the seedbed in batches.
(II) Selection of nursery land
When choosing a nursery, you should consider a place with convenient transportation and natural conditions. For example, if the terrain is relatively flat, the leeward sun is sunny, the soil is loose, the sand is good, the drainage conditions are good, and the irrigation conditions are good; if possible, try to choose near the planting land to reduce the seedling transportation and increase the planting survival rate.
After the nursery land is selected, deep-plowing and ploughing, applying the base fertilizer, and leveling the ground, the seedling bed is built according to the width of 1.2 meters. The length of the seedbed is about 10 meters, which can also be determined according to the terrain.
(3) Sowing
1. Seeding season
Seedlings can be planted from autumn to spring of the following year. Autumn sowing, that is, after the seeds are matured, the green skin is directly planted on the planting ground. At this time, the seed moisture content is high, the seed is easy to germinate after sowing, and the seed treatment process is reduced. The autumn sowing should adopt anti-freezing measures in areas with severe frost. The seeding period of the seedlings is best before November, and the spring sowing is generally between January and February. Early seeding can prolong the seedling growth period.
2, sowing method and density
The seed after screening is screened, after the nursery is leveled, the ditch is planted at a line spacing of 30 cm, the ditch depth is 15 cm, the plant spacing is placed in the ditch by 3 to 5 cm width, and the seed suture is vertical when seeding. Parallel to the ground, covering the soil with a thickness of 5 to 10 cm, and finally covering the seedbed with straw or other coverings.
(4) Seedling Management
1, check for missing replant seedlings
When a large number of seedlings should be inspected in time, it is found that when the seedlings are seriously deficient, they should be replanted with seeds that have been germinated.
2. Irrigation and Fertilization
After sowing the seedbed after sowing, if it is not dry, the seedlings generally do not need to be filled before the soil is unearthed, but it is necessary to keep the seedbed moist and not dry when it is dry, so as to avoid causing mildew. After the seedlings are unearthed, they should be timely watered according to the weather conditions. Generally, they should be irrigated 1 or 2 times a week during the dry season. During the rainy season, attention should be paid to the nursery plague to avoid powdery mildew, root rot and other diseases.
Walnut seedlings and other crops also require a variety of fertilizers. In addition to applying the base fertilizer before seeding, the seedlings should be applied 2 to 3 times of nitrogen fertilizer (human excrement, urea, ammonium sulfate, etc.) to accelerate seedling growth. In the autumn, the quick-acting phosphorus and potassium fertilizers (such as grass ash and superphosphate) are applied to promote the lignification of the seedlings and improve the ability of wintering and cold resistance.
3, loose soil weeding
Weeds and seedlings compete for water and fertilizer, and some are also vectors for pests and diseases. Timely weeding and weeding, reducing evaporation, preventing surface compaction and promoting seedling growth.
Second, foaming walnut grafting and cultivation
(A) grafting the scion walnut bubble collecting different seasonal
1. Grafting Festival
Branching and buds can be carried out within 20 days before and after the beginning of spring, especially in the 10 days before and after the beginning of spring.
2, scion collection and seasoning Scion collection should be completed in the Osamu Festival (that is, completed in January and mid-January), at the latest not to exceed the Great Cold Festival.
(II) Selection of Scion Collection Mother Tree
1. Scion variety
The selection of scion-collecting mother trees should be based on local large-bubble walnuts. The selection of mother trees should be the middle and adult fruit-bearing period, and it has the characteristics of large fruit, thin shell, white kernel and high yield. It is the object of scion collection.
2, scion quality
Scion collection should be based on annual stout fruit branches or vegetative shoots, small core development techniques and long branches.
3, scion specifications
The scion should be fat, the top and side buds are full, and the length is 10 to 15 cm, and the thickness is 0.8 to 2 cm.
(3) Scion wax seal treatment and storage
Scion wax seal is the key to improve the grafting survival technology of foamed walnut. The purpose of the scion wax seal can keep the scion from losing water after harvesting to grafting and germination. It is an important part of the grafting survival rate of the foamed walnut. Therefore, the wax must be sealed and the stalk can be stored for 2~3 times after the wax seal. The branches are still fresh.
1. Preparation of scion wax seal: It is prepared by using 8.5 parts of paraffin and 1.5 parts of beeswax. The paraffin wax is first melted in the pot. When the temperature of the wax liquid reaches 70-80 degrees, the beeswax is placed and continuously stirred. The temperature reaches 90-105 degrees. It can be waxed, the wax seal is thin and transparent (bright), the scion is kept fresh, the wax seal is too thick, and the wax layer is easy to fall off. There are two reasons: A, the wax temperature is not enough, the wax layer is too thick; B The beeswax is not prepared according to the proportion, and the wax layer is detached, and the wax sealing function is not obtained. The ratio of beeswax to paraffin is in the range of 1.5 to 8.5 to 3 to 7 parts. The proportion of beeswax is too large, the wax temperature is difficult to grasp, the scion is easy to burn, the wax begins to evaporate; when the wax melts or melts for the second time Add long-term beeswax.
An average of 1 kg of paraffin wax, plus 0.15 kg of beeswax, can seal 4,500 to 5,000 branches of the ear.
2, scion wax sealing method: the cut specifications of the scion in the wax pot, wax, one end of the wax, the speed of each wax is faster, one for another, the whole scion with wax Seal it.
3. Scion storage: After the scion is sealed, it can be packed in a cardboard box and placed in the corner of a cool and ventilated house.
(Iv) preparation of graft utensils and plastic sheeting
1. Grafting tools: grafting knives, branch scissors, hand saws, etc. Grafting knives (such as cutting knives, bud knives, electric knives, homemade knives, etc.) are critically fast and sharp.
2, tying material: plastic film, the film can be, the film is wrapped into a small cylindrical shape, with a fast knife to cut or cut the film into a width of one inch, the length is not limited, it is convenient to use. The width of the film can also be determined according to the method of use of each person and the size of the grafted rootstock.
3. Other auxiliary materials.
(5) Grafting method
The method of grafting walnuts is roughly the same as that used in fruit trees. It is usually divided into two types: bud grafting and branching. There are many kinds of connection methods, and now it is easy to grasp, operate, the survival rate is the highest, and the two types are widely used as follows:
1. Branching
Applicable to coarse rootstocks, also suitable for open bud seedling anvils (sub-germ seedlings). The survival rate of grafting of seedlings is better than that of large seedlings. It is because the buds are cut and grafted, and the base diameter is rapidly developed to graft. The callus is active, and the scion is soon tightened, and the survival rate of grafting is improved. The grafting site of the reserved rootstock should not be too high, and the workload of germination should be increased too high.
(1) Grafting of the buds of the open field buds When the seedlings are unearthed more than 20 cm, the true leaves have not been opened, and the chopsticks are thick, the buds can be grafted, and the grafting method is often spliced ​​(broken head). The specific operation is to cut the sprouts, and the height of the base of the ground is kept 3 to 5 cm long for grafting. When the height is not enough, the soil of the base of the sprouts can be grafted, which is more ideal. The size of the scion can be grafted by the sprouts. One scion has a full bud. The scion is cut, and the straight side of the scion is selected as the cut surface. The noodles should be large and small (ie one side 1/2, one side 1/3). The large face is 3 to 3.5 cm long and the face is 2.5 to 3 cm long. See Figure 1-1 for details. The size of the scion should be smooth, and each noodles should be successful. One scion and 3 knives are the best. After the scion is cut, a straight cut in the center of the bud seedling is roughly the same as the length of the scion, and the scion is inserted. The scion layer should be aligned with the bud seedling root layer, so that the cortex on one side of the scion and the cortex on the side of the rootstock are closely combined. Then, the plastic film is tightly tied and sealed, and the grafting is successful. The callus at the grafting site heals each other. After one month, the scion begins to sprout, breaks through the sealing wax, and grows healthily.
(2) Station seedlings grafted nursery to 1 to 2 seedlings or standing seedlings on cultivated land, the grafting method and the bud seedling anvil are similar, belonging to the branch, the specific connection can be cut and spliced. However, the formation layer on the side of the scion and the formation layer on the side of the rootstock are closely combined, and then tightly sealed with a plastic film. See Figures 1 to 2 for details.
(3) Iron walnut tree transformation Iron walnut tree transformation is suitable for rootstocks with a diameter of 4-6 cm. The taller trees do not need to be reconstructed. The grafting method is mainly for splicing, and is also suitable for cutting.
2, Bud connection (single bud cut)
Single bud cutting is first to cut the scion, choose full and better single bud, cut off one third or half of the other half of the scion, keep the scion 4 to 5 cm long, and use it on the lips for use, then according to the cutting surface of the scion The size is roughly the same as the cutting surface of the scion at the base of the rootstock. Then the scion is inserted into the noodles of the rootstock, and the cortex on one side of the scion is aligned with the cortex (forming layer) on the side of the rootstock, and then tightly tied with a plastic film. See Figure 2~1 for details.
(6) Management of seedling stage after grafting. Grafting of seedlings above 1 year old in nursery land, especially after grafting of bud seedlings, timely restoration of the soil to be covered on the roots of the shoots, on cultivated land or sporadic sprouts If the anvil is grafted, it must be protected by piles.
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