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Supporting the development of real economy and cracking the dilemma of private enterprises
On March 14, the Fifth Session of the 11th National People's Congress of the National People's Congress closed. On March 13, the Fifth Session of the 11th National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference closed. In the "two sessions" of the country for more than ten days, "how to support the real economy" and "how to develop private enterprises" became the focus of discussion among the members. “When reality shines into the dream, when the world crosses the watershed of the financial crisis, our entrepreneurs are depressed. Immigrants, running, suicide, these vocabulary associated with the losers are overwhelmingly covered by private enterprises and entrepreneurs. On the evening of March 9, Wang Wei, editor-in-chief of Hexun.com, said at the "China Economics and Hexun Night" forum held by China Economic Net and Hexun.com, the Chinese government needs to urgently solve the real economy, especially the development of private enterprises. Open the capital market as soon as possible, break the industry monopoly, reduce taxes, and encourage reinvention of entrepreneurship. According to the joint survey conducted by Digital 100 Research and Hexun.com, there are now more than 8.4 million private enterprises in China, accounting for 87.4% of the total number of enterprises in the country, contributing 50% of tax revenue, 80% of urban employment, and the contribution rate of GDP. Also starting from the reform and opening up, 1% has now grown by more than 60%. However, the problems encountered are also obvious. The financing is difficult, the burden is heavy, the technology needs to be innovated, the management model needs to be broken, and the entrepreneurial spirit needs to be improved. The members and representatives of the "two sessions" who participated in the above-mentioned forum believed that private entrepreneurs' evaluation of the external environment of business operations was lower, especially the evaluation of the legal environment and public opinion environment was lower than that of the economic and market environment, and they all made themselves to the external environment. The uncertainties in the mind are worrying and there is a clear lack of confidence and motivation for business development. At the "China Economics and Hexun Night" forum, a number of current and previous NPC deputies and CPPCC members discussed the development of "the return of the real economy" and "private enterprises." Regardless of whether it is a policy to liberalize financing channels for private enterprises, reduce tax revenues, reduce monopoly of state-owned enterprises, implement “government and retreatâ€, or return to the spiritual level to return and reshape entrepreneurship, all need to survive today. The improvement of the development environment and the reform of various areas of government. "Let, Support, Force, Return" to be a big real economy This year's central economic work conference set for economic work, with special emphasis on the development of the real economy, especially to firmly grasp the solid foundation of the real economy. "The first proposal of the 'two sessions' CPPCC meeting is about the real economy. In the past few days, discussions on the real economy, proposals, proposals, and proposals on the real economy have emerged constantly, so we must reflect on this issue." NPC Standing Committee, People In the above-mentioned forum, Vice Chairman of the Central Committee, Yu Shengzhan (Weibo), told the reporter of China United Business Daily that Premier Wen Jiabao emphasized in this year's "two sessions" government report that it should vigorously develop the real economy, especially small and micro enterprises. Jia Qinglin, chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, also highlighted the real economy in this year's CPPCC report. The high-level attitudes and adjustments have created a good atmosphere for the development of private enterprises and the development of private enterprises. In the view of Yu Shengshun, private enterprises are currently faced with three major survival dilemmas: First, financing is difficult, financing is expensive, especially for small and medium-sized enterprises. China's financial institutions are state-owned monopolies, and it is difficult to lend to private SMEs. Therefore, the difficulty of financing private enterprises in China is unprecedented in the current tightening. The second difficulty is the "labor shortage" and "two highs and one low", which is manifested by the inability to recruit people, the inability to keep people, the rising cost of labor and the "high consumption, high pollution, low returns", a large number of small micro The company is losing money. In addition, private enterprises are faced with higher and higher operating costs, which are represented by raw materials, labor, capital, land use, energy conservation and environmental protection, exchange rates, etc., resulting in a significant increase in the cost of small and medium-sized enterprises, especially small and micro enterprises. In the face of these predicaments, Yu Sheng resistance reminded that it is now necessary for the government to take countermeasures and resolutely implement them as soon as possible, so as to prevent the potential risks of the real economy, especially the hollowing out of the industry. The specific one is to “put, support, force, and returnâ€. . "The so-called 'release' is to liberalize the monopoly. On the one hand, it is necessary to see the financing difficulties of SMEs, and to solve the financing channels of SMEs, but more importantly, to solve the investment channels of private capital. How to solve the investment channels of private capital? It is necessary to break the monopoly and relax the market access of private capital." "Support", Yu Sheng resistance said that, in general, it is necessary to reduce taxes, reduce fees, and reduce the burden on private enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises. "Forcing" is to use the market's reverse mechanism to promote enterprise transformation and upgrading. Yu Sheng resistance believes that now there are two ways for enterprises: one is to transform and upgrade upwards; the other is to expand overseas. If you don't go up and go outside, the company will be eliminated and go down. Now that the financial crisis is resolved, the opportunities for overseas expansion and overseas investment should be unprecedented. It is a "Red Sea." "Return" is to return capital to the country, "change the devil into an angel", hot money for the devil, and bring it into the country is an angel. "There are many problems in the capital market. The collusion between government and business, red road, underworld, and private finance all have problems because it is not sunny. It is because of the barbaric growth in the underground. The best way to solve the private financial problem is to "sunshine." Yu Shengshun said that “sunshine†is the most important preservative. Capital will grow wildly when it is “undergroundâ€. If it is placed under “sunshineâ€, it will benefit the country and the people. Why did the US financial crisis break out? The extension products are not supervised in the underground. I think that private capital can be brought from the field to the market, so that private capital can be a small bank. In terms of “returnâ€, it is very important to realize the return of the bank to serve the real economy. The monopoly is too strong, the competition is weak, and it is necessary to improve the competitiveness of finance and let the banks serve the real economy. Provide a healthy environment for the development of private enterprises. In this year's "two sessions", representatives and members said that the current factors affecting the development of private enterprises In addition to the situation of private entrepreneurs themselves, one of the main reasons is the present The situation is not good enough, the government must reform, and create a good institutional environment for the development of private enterprises. The chairman of the China Private Economy Research Association and the member of the Tenth Committee of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, Wei Yu (microblogging) told the China United Daily News reporter The difficulty of private enterprises is that the first is difficult market access, the second is financing difficulties, the third is tax burden, the third is equity protection, and the fourth is that there is no effective mechanism guarantee. If it is not solved well, and then encounter the financial crisis, these problems will become more prominent. After the 2008 financial crisis, the state launched the “four trillion investmentâ€, which on the one hand really stimulated the economy and played a big role. However, Bao Yu believes that its negative effects cannot be underestimated. While it squeezes the living space of private enterprises, it is more important that the old system consciously and unconsciously returns. Private enterprises cannot obtain quality resources, especially financial resources. It is very difficult to do business. To solve the difficult problem of financing private enterprises, Bao Yu said that the new "Article 36" must be resolutely implemented, and the various ministries and commissions will come up with implementation rules as soon as possible. Really liberalize the field of private investment. At the same time, we must break the market monopoly and relax the channels of private capital financing. According to the previous request of Premier Wen, the establishment of community financial institutions should be an effective way to alleviate the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises and micro-enterprises, so that private capital can be established. Small-area community banks. In addition, state-owned enterprises have invaded the space of private enterprises. Conservationists believe that the state must make up its mind, state-owned enterprises must reform, let them not compete with the people, and give private enterprises room for development. On the other hand, it is necessary to strengthen reforms and clarify the sub-areas of “non-forbidden access†and point out which ones are prohibited. As for which industries, there are any standards, that is the threshold, and a detailed list should be given. In addition to the external institutional environment. It is guaranteed that the conservation enterprises advocate that private enterprises should also “strengthen their internal strengthsâ€, strengthen institutional innovation, integrate resources, move toward unity, and form joint-stock enterprises. “Private enterprises must innovate, and we must see that the current situation has changed, and now it is no longer reform and opening up. In the early days, it’s time to get rich. At this time, private enterprises should change their minds. . Through the innovation of the system, the use of social capital, the formation of joint-stock enterprises. "The nursery school said that it is very difficult for private enterprises to spend this time. Up to now, 970,000 private enterprises, the real joint-stock enterprises are only over 30,000, and the proportion is too small. In terms of business innovation, the conservation plan suggests that private enterprises cannot rely on themselves. To reduce costs, but to create their own brand management channels. At the same time, to have their own enterprises have core technology, have their own housekeeping skills. Private enterprises need technological innovation to drive the transformation and upgrading of enterprises. Adjust tax and financial policy support The real economy of China's private enterprises has made tremendous contributions to the country, but the tax burden is too heavy, and the problem of financing difficulties has become a topic that can't be discussed in the current development of China's private economy. Member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, Chairman of Liaoning Aoke Chemical Co., Ltd. Zhu Jianmin Telling the reporter of China United Business Daily, this year his CPPCC proposal proposes that China should introduce a policy of reducing the income tax on small and micro enterprises to 2015 as soon as possible. In addition, it is also recommended that the state should set a benchmark interest rate for the real economy that conforms to industrial policies, or Support for fiscal and financial policies below the benchmark interest rate. "In the real economy, the private economy faces more difficulties, and in the private economy, the difficulties faced by SMEs are particularly prominent. The pressure of rising costs is constantly increasing. The tax burdens faced by enterprises are too heavy, and the export market is now sluggish. At the same time, there is an embarrassing situation in which domestic demand has not yet been cultivated. Zhu Jianmin said that especially some export-oriented private enterprises and especially some emerging industries face greater difficulties in the formation of small enterprises that are not yet mature. The development of the real economy is not only related to the economy, but also related to employment and relations. To the social distribution, and to enhance the dynamics of domestic demand and the stable development of society. Therefore, in this year’s CPPCC proposal, Zhu Jianmin suggested that China should introduce a policy of reducing the income tax on small and micro enterprises to 2015 as soon as possible, giving priority to the reduction and support of national industrial policies. Small and micro enterprises. "The policy we are implementing now is to halve to 2015. It is recommended that small and micro enterprises that meet the industrial policy should be given a free tax burden and reduce preferential policies. Zhu Jianmin said. In response to the problem of private enterprise financing, Zhu Jianmin said that banks and SMEs nowadays generally face not only the problem of financing difficulties, but also the problem of high financing costs. "Everyone knows that our financing costs last year, basically On the basis of the benchmark interest rate, it has risen by 20% and 30%. Individual joint-stock banks and some small and medium-sized enterprises have raised their benchmark financing rates by 80% or even more than 100%. Zhu Jianmin believes that such high financing costs directly lead to the difficulty of China's SMEs to dock capital after the capital chain is interrupted. Therefore, Zhu Jianmin suggested that the state should set a benchmark interest rate for the private economy that meets industrial policies, or lower than the benchmark. At the same time, some industries that do not conform to the national industrial direction policy can implement policies that are higher than the benchmark interest rate. For industrial policies, they should be lower than the benchmark interest rate. Private entrepreneurs must abide by the law. Adhering to the spirit of entrepreneurial entrepreneurs includes many aspects. For example, Zhejiang entrepreneurs, who traveled thousands of miles, tried every means, said a thousand words, experienced hardships and hardships, and the spirit of "holding the world" In the view of NPC deputies and step chief pharmaceutical presidents, this is the spirit of entrepreneurs. Under the conditions of market economy, China, as a characteristic socialist market economy country, will inevitably appear in the process of modernization. Market management conflicts. But Zhao Chao said that as a citizen Enterprises must deal with the relationship with the local government, become a local legal operation, solve the typical people's livelihood, and local taxpayers. Therefore, Zhao Chao believes that law-abiding management and law-abiding are what enterprises and entrepreneurs should have. The best spirit. "Our step pharmaceutical is a typical private enterprise, and now should have a history of 19 years. We started in 1993 and started to operate in 1994. It is just the initial stage of reform and opening up the market economy. In the pharmaceutical industry, the number of private enterprises entering the pharmaceutical industry is relatively small. We are very fortunate to start from Shaanxi and develop with professionalism. Zhao Chao said that the development of Buchang Pharmaceutical has proved the importance of “law-abiding management†as an entrepreneurial spirit. Of course, I agree with the issues of honesty, conscience and ability mentioned above. I agree with these aspects, but doing business is a marathon. Running, whether it can continue to develop, values ​​and entrepreneurial spirit are very important. As a company, the entrepreneurial spirit also includes corporate responsibility. Zhao Chao said that an enterprise with entrepreneurial spirit should reasonably control costs and provide safe and effective In terms of entrepreneurial spirit, I think that in addition to the above, there should be a spirit of patriotism or nationalism, which is related to the virtual economy and the real economy. Advise entrepreneurs to stick to the real economy. If we can stick to the real economy, this is not only an entrepreneurial spirit, but also a spirit of our industrialists. "Zhao Chao told reporters that when there is such a problem in the process of national adjustment, it is very painful for enterprises to stick to it, but it will create a new world. "Expanding the reform of the camp" is expanding the national promotion into a heavyweight. After the implementation of Shanghai on January 1, Beijing will officially implement the reform of “Business Tax VAT†(hereinafter referred to as “VAT Reformâ€) on July 1 this year. It is understood that Tianjin, Chongqing, Jiangsu and Shenzhen He is also actively applying for a pilot. Professor Li Jing (Weibo) of Dongbei University of Finance and Economics told the reporter of China United Business Daily that, fundamentally speaking, VAT is deducted according to the industrial chain, and its system design is completely not geographical or regional. For the boundary, the regional pilot completely violates the VAT deduction principle and institutional advantages, making the tax burden of enterprises in the pilot area and non-pilot area completely different and directly affecting the taxation factors of upstream and downstream enterprises, causing related enterprises and industries. The tax burden changes. Therefore, the reform of the scope of VAT taxation should be informal and limited to the region. How to expand the scope of the pilot as soon as possible and as soon as possible in the national scope In the promotion of reform has become a top priority. It is caused by changes in the industry tax burden reporter, November 16, 2011 the Ministry of Finance and State Administration of Taxation issued a "business tax reform VAT pilot program," also issued a "transportation The pilot implementation measures for the business and some modern service industry business tax change VAT, announced that the pilot reform will be launched in Shanghai on January 1, 2012. According to estimates by CICC, if the pilot is extended to the whole country, the tax burden of the pilot industry may be reduced. 470 billion to 70 billion yuan. Previously, the pilot reform of the “reform of the camp†in Shanghai was based on the current tax rate of 17% and 13%, and the new tax rate was 11% and 6%. The transportation industry applies the 11% tax rate, and the modern service industry such as R&D and technical services, cultural creativity, logistics assistance and forensic consulting is subject to a 6% tax rate. According to Zheng Jianxin, deputy director of the Ministry of Finance and Taxation, the current implementation of value-added tax 170 In many countries and regions, the tax rate structure has both a single tax rate and multiple tax rates. The reform pilot has adjusted the Chinese VAT rate from the current two to four, which is a necessary Sexual arrangements. In the future, according to the needs of reform, the current and simplified tax rate will be graded. Liu Wei, deputy dean of the School of Taxation of the Central University of Finance and Economics, believes that the current 14%, 13%, 11% and 6% grades are not conducive to calculations, but consider The lowest and highest grades are reduced by a little, that is, 6% is changed to 5%, 17% is changed to 15%, and 5%, 10%, and 15% can also be considered. Li Jing said that in general, the sales price of goods For the sales profit of the enterprise, the purchase price of the goods or raw materials, the processing cost and the total amount of taxes, under the condition that other conditions are determined, the value-added tax should be the decisive factor affecting the sales profit of the enterprise and the sales price of the product. Afterwards, the tax burden of related industries will inevitably change, and directly affect the profit and future development of the enterprise. Therefore, in the reform of expanding the scope of taxation of value-added tax, it is necessary to consider the problem of changes in the industry tax burden of the new taxation scope. Zheng Jianxin, deputy director of the Ministry of Finance and Finance, has recently revealed that at present, Beijing and other regions have reported applications for participation in the pilot. Relevant departments will closely follow the pilot operation in Shanghai, summarize the pilot experience, and gradually expand the scope of the pilot. During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, the reform will be gradually extended to the whole country. It is understood that the addition of China's value-added tax and business tax is 42% of the country's total tax revenue. The former is the first tax of the national tax, and the latter is the largest tax of the local tax. However, the industry has a different opinion on the comprehensive roll-out of “camp reformâ€. Some experts believe that the reform of business tax to VAT involves various chains of production and operation, and pilots are carried out in some industries in some regions. Non-pilot areas and industries, especially the surrounding areas, will be at a disadvantage, so the reform process should not be delayed for too long. Sun Gang, a researcher at the Finance Institute of the Ministry of Finance, said that regional preferential policies will have a sloppy effect, causing funds to flow to the region, which is equivalent to disguising the foreign service industry in disguise. At present, many provinces and cities are highly motivated, which will accelerate the pace of reform. Some insiders also believe that it is an emergency response of local governments to actively apply for the “camp reform†pilot program. Shanghai has begun to pilot, which will inevitably lead to the formation of tax revenues, so that the allocation of market resources to Shanghai. It is precisely because the pilot is bound to cause unfair taxation, so the "reform of the camp" will inevitably be spread out across the country. However, experts believe that the change of business tax to value-added tax can be said to be the top priority in this round of tax reform, and it is also the largest tax reform, and its reform difficulty is much greater than other tax reforms in recent years. Liu Wei believes that, first of all, the value-added tax must have the calculation of consumption and input, and only if it has practical significance for the enterprise, then the reform will be meaningless. This requires very accurate accounting. In addition, management should also be adjusted. In the construction industry, there are no invoices for sandstone bricks and tiles, and this should be slowly implemented. In addition, the reform of the camp will increase the national pilot, involving central and local fiscal changes, fiscal and tax linkages, tax changes, and fiscal adjustments. There are also many problems to be solved in this process. In this regard, Professor Li Jing believes that under the current tax-sharing system, the value-added tax is a central and local shared tax, the domestic value-added tax center is divided into 75%, and the local share is 25%; the import value-added tax is wholly owned by the central government. The business tax is a local tax. Except for the business tax (income tax and urban maintenance and construction tax) paid by the railway department, the bank's head office, and the insurance company, the company is classified as a local tax. If the reform of the scope of VAT taxation changes the tax attribution mechanism, it will have a greater impact on local interests. Therefore, in the reform to expand the scope of VAT taxation, it is necessary to consider the issue of fiscal system reform of the new taxation scope of VAT. At the same time, we must also consider the adjustment of the collection and management institutions caused by the increase in the camp. Because, under the system of the current national tax and local taxation agencies, the value-added tax is levied by the State Administration of Taxation. In the business tax, the central revenue portion (income tax and urban maintenance and construction tax) paid by the railway department, the bank's head office, and the insurance company is collected by the state tax. The bureau collects, and the rest of the local income is collected by the local tax bureau. After some business tax items are changed to value-added tax, they will inevitably face the problem of adjustment and re-determination of the collection and management institutions.