Floor Industry Overall Situation and Analysis of Its Mechanism

The ground is a very old concept in the building. However, the floor has become an independent industry. In the past ten years, rapid development has been achieved in China. A large number of companies engaged in floors have emerged, and the National Flooring Association was established and active in the industry. Ping design, materials and construction standards have been issued in succession. The floor has increasingly become an independent professional subcontracting business, and users are paying more attention to it. How to understand the objective reasons behind this phenomenon? How to understand the status quo of flooring industry? How to improve the industry management according to the characteristics of the industry, this article tries to express a little bit of insight on this, in order to play a role in attracting people to start thinking, and jointly promote the healthy and orderly development of the floor industry.

First, the essential characteristics of the floor In order to explain the characteristics of the floor, you need to distinguish the three concepts of the ground, floor and floor. These three concepts are related and different, which reflects the deepening of people's understanding of ground protection and use requirements.

Ground refers to a part of a building hexahedron. In a non-single-floor building, it includes floors and floors. From the point of view of use, the ground is a direct carrier for building use, and it is a building site most in contact with people and objects. Therefore, it is the most frequently used and most demanding part of the building hexahedron, especially in the contemporary, the design of the main structure of the building. The life span is growing longer, the use environment of buildings is increasingly complex and diverse, the level of architectural decoration is increasing, the importance of the ground is increasingly prominent, and the degree of attention of users is increasing.

The function of the building is different, and the requirements for the ground are not the same, mainly reflected in the following aspects:

(1) In addition to the structural safety, the load must consider the effects of static, dynamic and impact loads on the surface. The load is related to the passing tools on the ground and the use environment. It can be broadly divided into pedestrian ground and ground, and it is also divided into domestic ground, commercial ground and industrial ground.

(2) Abrasion resistance and wear resistance are common requirements of the ground.

(3) Resistant to media erosion, various industrial environments have different media erosion, such as acid, alkali, salt, water, grease and so on.

(4) Safety performance, such as fire prevention, anti-static, no ignition (explosion-proof), etc.

(5) Maintenance requirements, which are easy to clean and easy to maintain.

(6) The requirements for decoration are visually and aesthetically pleasing, and the degree of requirements varies greatly.

Since cement was invented and commonly used, most of the ground was based on cement concrete, and it was directly used as a surface in places where economic and social conditions were not yet developed, or places where use was less demanding. The concrete floor is excellent in its ability to withstand loads and fire resistance, but its performance such as wear resistance and resistance to media erosion is limited, and the failure and destruction of the layers below the heavy friction and heavy erosion environment affects its service life. With economic and social development, it is a common ground practice to attach other surface materials to meet the requirements of different functions on the basis of concrete ground.

In order to improve some of the deficiencies of the original concrete ground, the ground formed by attaching other surface materials to the original ground surface is roughly divided into two types. One is a pavement type floor (floor), and the other is an overall floor (floor).

Pavement-type flooring is made of prefabricated materials, and the surface material is applied to the original ground by means of gluing, inlaying, and laying. A wide variety of such materials, including wood floors, ceramic tiles, stone and so on. The use of this type of floor depends primarily on the surface material used. Surfaces come in the form of sheets or blocks and are called floors. The improvement of the use function on the ground is obvious, but the biggest problem is that under the action of a large dynamic load such as rolling of heavy objects, the plate will loosen and break, and the surface material will break away from the foundation and fail. Second, these ground joints are more difficult for large area cleaning and maintenance. Therefore, this kind of ground is suitable for occasions with small loads, that is, where the main traffic behavior of people is, it is suitable for residential buildings and some public buildings with small traffic flow, and can not be used in industrial environments with heavy loads and large traffic volumes.

The overall ground is developed for the shortcomings of ordinary concrete floors and paving-type grounds. The concept of "whole" includes two kinds of meanings: First, it refers to the combination of structure and functionality as a whole, so that the ground has both the special functions given by the design, such as wear resistance, resistance to media erosion, etc. to overcome Due to the lack of functionality of ordinary concrete ground, it can withstand heavy loads to overcome the structural insufficiency of the pavement type. It requires the combination of surface materials and concrete foundations to be very firm, and can be regarded as an integral body. It will not cause surface layers and foundations due to load. In the interface between the two off or damaged, does not affect the carrying capacity of the ground. The second type of "whole" means from the point of view of the seam, which refers to seamless ground, that is, ground that is no longer stitched outside of the structure and foundation ground. For example, the basic ground concrete setting seam is 6m×6m. In this range, the pavement-type ground still has seams between plates or blocks, and the entire floor surface layer is no longer provided with seams within this range. . The overall ground is suitable for industrial sites with heavy loading and complex use environments, so it is also called an industrial floor, or simply ground floor.

The ground and floor have existed for a long time, respectively, as a small branch of the construction industry and construction materials industry. However, in the past ten years, the floor has served as a dedicated independent industry. It has received high attention and rapid development in China. A large number of enterprises that make a living from the land emerged throughout the country. Flooring projects are basically separated from civil engineering projects and become independent. Subcontracted professional projects, the establishment of the National Flooring Association, floor design standards, material standards and construction regulations have been introduced.

The reason why flooring is a specialized industry is that, apart from market factors such as diversified demand and rapid development, the most fundamental reason is that floor products have their unique formation characteristics and quality determinants, and they have their own independent objective reasons.

As mentioned before, the essential feature of the ground floor is the combination of functional and structural ones. It has both specific functions and can withstand heavy loads. This is the value of the overall floor and is also the overall The difficulty of Ping is also the key to overall floor quality control. Stone, tile, wooden floor, etc. Pavement type flooring, surface layer is factory-processed setting material with setting function, surface layer material has complete ground attributes and indicators before installation, site only for simple support installation and Adhesion bonding, surface material only once in the field "transplantation." In order to realize functional and structural integration, the entire floor is one, the surface layer material appears in the form of non-definable substances, and is shaped at the job site according to a specific process, and the combination with the grass-roots layer is completed to form the floor functional attributes and indicators. The material has undergone a "mutation" on the site according to a specific process. Therefore, the quality of the pavement surface type depends on the surface layer material. The quality of the overall floor surface is influenced by many links such as materials, processes and site conditions and must be matched with each other to ensure the stability of quality. Fluctuations will have a major impact on the quality of the final floor, and its quality variability and control is much more difficult than the paving ground. If we say that the quality of pavement-type flooring is basically determined by surface materials, it belongs to the material industry; ordinary concrete flooring is a standardized construction process and belongs to the construction industry; then, the overall floor cannot be attributed to the material industry (because "the mutation" occurs in In the process of on-site construction, it cannot be attributed to the construction industry (because "mutant" genes are in materials), but is based on materials, depends on the construction, and mutually supporting specialized production industries.

From this it can be seen that although the floor is only a small business, the share of the project in the entire building and the construction materials used are small, and the impact on the structural safety of the building is also insignificant, but it is not the civil construction and construction materials. Can be simply covered, its business characteristics determine the floor to become a specialized industry has its inevitability.

Second, the basic standards of qualified floor From the perspective of society and users, qualified floor should be composed of three mutually reinforcing factors: application, durability and economy.

Applicability means that the floor should meet the functional requirements for building use, such as strength (bearing weight), wear resistance, anti-corrosion and anti-media erosion, anti-static, anti-explosive (non-fire), water or oil permeability, decorative, etc. . Adaptability is the primary criterion for the proper choice of floor. It should be noted that a certain floor has a certain specific main function, and the all-round floor is not or not economical, and the type of floor to which the main function is applicable or a combination of various functional floors should be selected according to the use requirements.

Durability refers to durability, eliminating the need for repeated maintenance and repair, that is, maintaining a specific floor function during the design life. For pavement-type grounds, its durability depends essentially on the durability of the board/block. For the entire floor, the durability is not only related to the durability of the material itself, but also depends on the bonding force between the surface material and the ground. For example, the same is the green wear-resistant floor, wear-resistant materials with iron green pigment and chromium green pigment, flooring products are not much difference, but the future color stability is very different. Another example is epoxy resin flooring. The adhesion between the resin and the foundation is often the most critical factor in its quality and durability. If the adhesion is insufficient, the surface layer will be put into use, under load or load. After reaching a certain level, peeling occurs and the set floor function is lost.

In particular, it should be pointed out that the quality and durability of pavement-like flooring can basically be controlled effectively by the quality control of the panels/blocks used, because the quality indicators of the panels/blocks are basically the same as the ground products after pavement. And complete and intuitive, the quality of the pavement surface and its durability can be said to be the "transplantation" of the board/block. The ground floor material in the overall floor is made of powder or liquid non-defining substances. A certain chemical reaction takes place on the construction site and the floor function is formed after being formed on the surface layer. During this period, “mutation” occurs instead of It is just "transplantation" like paving the ground. Therefore, the quality of the entire floor and its durability, if it is controlled and checked mainly from the perspective of floor materials, such as paving the ground, is far from enough, or even completely indispensable.

Then, can the overall floor quality and its durability be effectively controlled from the engineering completion inspection? The answer is that it is better than control materials, but its role is limited. Because the entire floor is responded to and shaped in the field, it is directly related to the site conditions, but the large-area site conditions often change greatly. The small test blocks parallel to the project are not actually representative, only the destructive testing of the finished products. It can explain the problem, and the impact of intensive sampling of destructive tests on apparent appearance is not realistic for the floor. In practice, completion inspections are mainly aimed at some obvious indicators such as flatness, chromatic aberration, hardness, etc., such as the combination with the foundation, long-term resistance to erosion media, color stability, and other critical intrinsic qualities and durability. The sex index was evaluated at the end.

Therefore, the overall floor quality and durability are not only qualified for material acceptance, but also not only qualified after the completion of the construction, but also whether the set function can be continuously maintained during the design life and given use conditions. , is a concept of reliability. This is a verification that requires actual use and time-lapse, and is a certain kind of customer experience after the fact. The special expression of this quality and its durability, which is determined by the overall floor business characteristics, makes durability more important and special to the overall floor.

Economical means to achieve the required use function with less cost. Pavement-like ground materials can withstand heavy loads if the surface layer material is thick enough, but it is not economically feasible. It is unnecessary for the user to increase the cost. It is a waste of resources for the society. The overall floor is separated by the functional material of the surface layer and the structural material of the main body, and the functional and structural properties of the floor are combined into one. With a functional surface layer of millimeter-thickness, the surface is given to the ground in the most economical way. The use of the set function, economy is one of its basic attributes.

From the point of view of use, another layer of floor economy is based on the rational use of functional requirements to achieve the lowest system cost. The user's use environment is different, and the requirements of the same user at different parts of the ground are also different. A combination of floor products with different performances should be designed so that the specific functions of different products match the specific environment of the corresponding parts of the project. Come to cover the earth, this is the economy that is realized under the premise of ensuring the quality and reliability of the floor. The use of high prices or high grades as the basis for a unified choice is not only a waste of resources, but also a good quality at the end, and a high reliability. Conversely, economic efficiency cannot be simply understood as being cheap and low prices as the basis for selection. This initial investment may be a little less, but the overall cost of the entire cycle may not be saved, especially in the flooring industry in which the quality of the finished product is not easy to objectively and comprehensively evaluate. It is easy to induce substandard or shoddy work and non-standard behavior, often with The hidden danger of quality and durability.

Third, the impact of floor quality and industrial properties Flooring business involves both materials, but also involves construction, companies engaged in floor business materials companies also have construction companies. Who exactly has a greater impact on the quality of finished flooring? From the perspective of user selection, whether the choice of materials companies or construction companies is to ensure the quality of finished products is more secure? Or, what industry does the flooring industry belong to? To analyze this issue, we must start with the formation characteristics of the overall floor.

As mentioned earlier, the value of the overall floor lies in the combination of functionality and structure. It has both specific functions and heavy loads. In order to realize the combination of functional and structural integrity, the surface layer material appears in the form of non-definable substances. It is formed on the job site according to a specific process, and is combined with the grass-roots layer to form the floor function index. The surface material is On site, a "mutation" occurred according to a specific process. The links and factors that affect this “mutation” are the links and factors that affect the quality of the floor. The stability and reliability of “mutation” will determine the stability and reliability of the overall floor quality. The "mutation" gene lies in the material. The quality and volatility of the material will undoubtedly have an important influence on the quality of the floor. "Mutation" occurs at the construction site, and the process and site conditions also have important influence on the quality of the floor; both the material and the site conditions are Inevitably there will be fluctuations, and the floor operating unit must have certain technical capabilities to enable the materials and site conditions to be coordinated and matched in order to resolve the significant impact of normal fluctuations on “mutation” so as to ensure the stability and reliability of floor products.

Therefore, the floor business is based on materials, depends on the construction, and requires the two mutually complementary professional production operations, floor companies need to be familiar with material material, proficient in construction technology, with comprehensive ability to deal with according to specific circumstances, only material The ability or only the construction capacity is not enough, can not simply be attributed to the materials industry or the construction industry. The use of what people call "three-point materials, seven-point construction" to describe the floor industry is somewhat reasonable but inaccurate because it only reflects that materials and construction are indispensable, but does not reflect the key genes of the material. The role also does not reflect the close interrelation between materials and construction. It can be said that the floor business needs the specialized production capability of matching, and the floor business belongs to the specialized production industry.

Fourth, the overall situation of the flooring industry and its analysis of floor business is based on materials, depends on the construction, and the need for mutual support of the two specialized production operations, requires practitioners proficient in materials, proficient construction, with the appropriate treatment of both professional The comprehensive ability is comprehensively reflected in the industry span. It involves both materials and construction, and professionalism is reflected in the business field. It is a very small business scope. This is determined by the characteristics of the flooring industry. It is the inherent requirement for the quality assurance of the flooring business and is the institutional demand of the flooring industry. The logical pattern of behavior under certain institutional framework is referred to herein as the industry mechanism. Only by establishing and continuously improving this safeguard mechanism can we promote the improvement of the overall quality level of the industry and promote the healthy and orderly development of the industry. Without such a guarantee mechanism, quality loopholes will easily occur, quality problems will occur, and when problems occur, there will be susceptibility to wrangling and pushing wilting. This kind of loophole, wrangling, and pushing wilting cannot be resolved by corporate credit, nor can it be resolved through coordination and cooperation. It is an inevitable choice for the party’s “rational” behavior under established legal and economic relations. It is under normal circumstances. Normal behavior. What is even more frightening is that in the irrational state, the lack of such a safeguard mechanism makes it more common to cause “stupid sellers,” shoddy, and cut corners and other irregularities. At present, the floor industry has systematically appeared a number of small businesses that use speculative methods to survive, many even under the name of brand materials (such as foreign-funded enterprises) or large construction companies (such as large-scale general contracting companies), and actually The quality and quality consequences can be imagined. The former should be the name of the brand name material without engineering reality, can be described as "name but not real", brand materials and end-users have no contractual relationship, no minimum legal commitment to the project, failing to find the shadow of the brand; The “large and not special” people can be described as hanging large construction companies. However, for small and specialized floor businesses, these large companies either dismiss them or are difficult to specialize (because of the materials involved). Most of them are linked by name or ready to subcontract again. These two kinds of "pseudo-name brand" phenomenon not only seriously jeopardize the quality of the project, but also make the user's brand choice original intention and actual effect far different, so that the brand effect of the floor industry is subject to the quality of users, seriously undermine the image of the industry. In addition, the concentration of the flooring industry in China is extremely low. The number of companies in the industry is extremely inconsistent with the overall size of the industry. It seems that anyone can do floors and everyone can do a good job on the floor. Chopper. The emergence of this situation is inconsistent with the above-mentioned mechanisms. The lack of a market access threshold based on professional production capabilities in the industry has a direct relationship with the market, and it is a manifestation of the lack of industry mechanisms.

It can be said that at present, China's flooring industry has a wide range of employees, with varying levels of quality, confusing prices, extremely low industrial concentration, and even widespread irregularities. The overall image of the industry is poor and the company's identity is not known. Users’ overall trust in the industry is so poor that in the flooring industry, a unique phenomenon that is not commensurate with the volume of business—customers on-site inspections, and customers who value quality are really effective choices when choosing flooring companies. Actual inspection. This is not only a factor in the improvement of customers' understanding of the importance of flooring, but more of a reflection of their distrust of the industry's turmoil. The cost of choice is obviously higher. The above-mentioned series of problems and phenomena have a direct or indirect relationship with the lack of quality assurance mechanisms in the flooring industry. It is worthy of deep thought by the industry and should also attract sufficient attention.

V. Management of Floor Industry Management Industry management is related to the macro environment of industry development. Industry management should be based on the characteristics of the industry to establish and improve the industry operating mechanism as the basic starting point and the end result.

According to the characteristics of the flooring business, which is based on materials, depends on the construction, and requires the complementary production of the two, the floor industry colleagues should think about what the proper operation mode of the flooring industry should be. What kind of management can promote the healthy and orderly development of the industry? This is a big topic. This article is not ready to start the discussion. It only puts forward some simple thoughts. It would be enough to create a good idea. Among them, the method of building curtain wall qualification management is worth mentioning.

In addition to requirements such as registered capital, engineering technicians, business premises, construction machinery, and other qualifications similar to those of other construction industries, the specific qualifications for building curtain walls explicitly state that the company must have a factory floor area with a specified processing system for building curtain walls. The glass curtain wall cleans and beats the rubber room and the matching machine processing, the glue equipment, has the production, the processing, the manufacture, the installment examination equipment. It can be seen that, in the qualification conditions of the building curtain wall, provisions have been made on the production production and construction and installation conditions of the building curtain wall. It is actually a requirement for the comprehensive supporting capacity of materials and construction, and it is a requirement for professional production capacity. .

The qualification requirements of the production and processing and construction and installation of the curtain wall industry are not accidental, and the requirements for the interdependence of the materials (the production of the curtain wall components) and the construction (the installation of the curtain wall components) in the industry are high. Industry characteristics related. As we all know, the core issues of the building curtain wall are the quality and reliability of joints and joints, and they continue to play a role in the structural deformation after the construction load or after it is put into use. It has a decisive influence on the quality of the curtain wall, and the joint is both with the curtain wall. The materials (processed curtain wall parts) are related, for example, between glass blocks in a curtain wall unit; also related to construction installations, such as joints between curtain wall units and joints between curtain walls and main structures, from the qualification requirements of the curtain wall The practitioners have comprehensive supporting capabilities and means to avoid quality loopholes and irritability, thus ensuring the reliability of the curtain wall quality. The professional qualification of the processing and construction integrated in the curtain wall industry has improved the technical threshold of the industry, promoted the specialization of industry technology, provided institutional protection for the quality of the curtain wall, and effectively promoted the industry. The overall level of improvement. It may be useful to recall that the industry was in a state of chaos more than a decade ago, and it is not difficult to understand the major influence of management methods on the improvement of industry mechanisms and their improvement.

Its mountain stone can attack jade. If we say that the key role of the seams in the curtain wall business of a building determines the dual reliance on the processing of curtain wall components and the installation and construction of curtain walls; then in the floor business, the functional and structural properties are integrated into one, that is, the characteristics of the overall floor, so that The Ping business also has industry attributes that rely on both materials and construction, and both have similar interests in this area. The current situation of the flooring industry is not the same as that of the curtain wall industry. The only difference is that the curtain wall involves the safety of the building. The government has a high degree of concern, and the floor has not attracted attention. However, the reason is the same, at least the method can and should learn from. At present, China’s economic structure is undergoing profound changes. The degree of industrial concentration in all walks of life is rapidly increasing. The project construction pattern dominated by large projects is gradually being formed, coupled with the increasing attention to building durability under the sustainable development atmosphere, and the The customer's quality awareness is constantly improving. Under this social background, although the government of the floor industry is not very concerned, it is worthwhile to explore the possibility of strengthening the management of specialized qualifications. The professional and multi-level supporting requirements are the starting point and strive for materials and ordinary materials. Separation of civil construction or decoration construction, striving for the implementation of floor special qualification permits, or other similar or related measures to properly raise the threshold of access to the floor industry, promote the professional development of the flooring industry, and promote the flooring industry Improve the overall level.